Cultural Theory and Popular Culture
Cultural Theory and Popular Culture
Cultural Theory and Popular Culture
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98<br />
Chapter 5 Psychoanalysis<br />
transfers all his interest, <strong>and</strong> his libido too, to the wishful constructions of his life<br />
of phantasy, whence the path might lead to neurosis (423).<br />
The artist sublimates his or her desire. In so doing, she or he makes his or her<br />
fantasies available to others, thus making ‘it possible for others to share in the enjoyment<br />
of them’ (423–4). He or she ‘makes it possible for other people . . . to derive consolation<br />
<strong>and</strong> pleasure in their unconscious which have become inaccessible to them’<br />
(424). Texts ‘allay ungratified wishes – in the first place in the creative artist himself <strong>and</strong><br />
subsequently in his audience or spectators’ (1986: 53). As he explains: ‘The artist’s first<br />
aim is to set himself free <strong>and</strong>, by communicating his work to other people suffering<br />
from the same arrested desires, he offers them the same liberation’ (53).<br />
The second approach is reader-centred, <strong>and</strong> derives from the secondary aspect of the<br />
author-centred approach. This approach is concerned with how texts allow readers to<br />
symbolically play out desires <strong>and</strong> fantasies in the texts they read. In this way, a text<br />
works like a substitute dream. Freud deploys the idea of ‘fore-pleasure’ to explain the<br />
way in which the pleasures of the text ‘make possible the release of still greater pleasure<br />
arising from deeper psychical sources’ (1985: 141). In other words, fictional texts<br />
stage fantasies that offer the possibility of unconscious pleasure <strong>and</strong> satisfaction. As he<br />
further explains,<br />
In my opinion, all the aesthetic pleasure which a creative writer affords us has the<br />
character of a fore-pleasure . . . our actual enjoyment of an imaginative work proceeds<br />
from a liberation of tensions in our minds . . . enabling us thenceforward to<br />
enjoy our day-dreams without self-reproach or shame (ibid.).<br />
In other words, although we may derive pleasure from the aesthetic qualities of a text,<br />
these are really only the mechanism that allows us access to the more profound pleasures<br />
of unconscious fantasy.<br />
Little Redcape<br />
There was once a sweet little girl who was loved by everyone who so much as<br />
looked at her, <strong>and</strong> most of all her gr<strong>and</strong>mother loved her <strong>and</strong> was forever trying<br />
to think of new presents to give the child. Once she gave her a little red velvet<br />
cape, <strong>and</strong> because it suited her so well <strong>and</strong> she never again wanted to wear anything<br />
else, she was known simply as Little Redcape. One day her mother said to<br />
her: ‘Come, Little Redcape, here’s a piece of cake <strong>and</strong> a bottle of wine; take them<br />
out to your gr<strong>and</strong>mother, she’s sick <strong>and</strong> weak <strong>and</strong> she’ll enjoy them very much.<br />
Set out before it gets hot, <strong>and</strong> when you’re on your way watch your step like a<br />
good girl <strong>and</strong> don’t stray from the path, or you’ll fall <strong>and</strong> break the bottle <strong>and</strong><br />
gr<strong>and</strong>mother will get nothing. And when you go into her room, remember to say<br />
good morning <strong>and</strong> not to stare all round the room first.’<br />
‘Don’t worry, I’ll do everything as I should,’ said Little Redcape to her mother<br />
<strong>and</strong> promised faithfully. Now her gr<strong>and</strong>mother lived out in the forest, half an