Cultural Theory and Popular Culture
Cultural Theory and Popular Culture
Cultural Theory and Popular Culture
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Raymond Williams: ‘The analysis of culture’ 45<br />
Third, ‘there is the “social” definition of culture, in which culture is a description of a<br />
particular way of life’ (ibid.). The ‘social’ definition of culture is crucial to the founding<br />
of culturalism. This definition introduces three new ways of thinking about culture. First,<br />
the ‘anthropological’ position which sees culture as a description of a particular way of life;<br />
second, the proposition that culture ‘expresses certain meanings <strong>and</strong> values’ (ibid.); third,<br />
the claim that the work of cultural analysis should be the ‘clarification of the meanings<br />
<strong>and</strong> values implicit <strong>and</strong> explicit in a particular way of life, a particular culture’ (ibid.).<br />
Williams is aware that the kind of analysis the ‘social’ definition of culture dem<strong>and</strong>s,<br />
will often ‘involve analysis of elements in the way of life that to followers of the other<br />
definitions are not “culture” at all’ (32). Moreover, whilst such analysis might still operate<br />
modes of evaluation of the ‘ideal’ <strong>and</strong> the ‘documentary’ type, it will also extend<br />
to an emphasis which, from studying particular meanings <strong>and</strong> values, seeks not so<br />
much to compare these, as a way of establishing a scale, but by studying their<br />
modes of change to discover certain general ‘laws’ or ‘trends’, by which social <strong>and</strong><br />
cultural development as a whole can be better understood (32–3).<br />
Taken together, the three points embodied in the ‘social’ definition of culture – culture<br />
as a particular way of life, culture as expression of a particular way of life, <strong>and</strong> cultural<br />
analysis as a method of reconstituting a particular way of life – establish both the general<br />
perspective <strong>and</strong> the basic procedures of culturalism.<br />
Williams, however, is reluctant to remove from analysis any of the three ways of<br />
underst<strong>and</strong>ing culture: ‘there is a significant reference in each . . . <strong>and</strong>, if this is so, it is<br />
the relations between them that should claim our attention’ (33). He describes as<br />
‘inadequate’ <strong>and</strong> ‘unacceptable’ any definition which fails to include the other<br />
definitions: ‘However difficult it may be in practice, we have to try to see the process as<br />
a whole, <strong>and</strong> to relate our particular studies, if not explicitly at least by ultimate reference,<br />
to the actual <strong>and</strong> complex organization’ (34). As he explains,<br />
I would then define the theory of culture as the study of relationships between elements<br />
in a whole way of life. The analysis of culture is the attempt to discover the<br />
nature of the organization which is the complex of these relationships. Analysis of<br />
particular works or institutions is, in this context, analysis of their essential kind of<br />
organization, the relationships which works or institutions embody as parts of the<br />
organization as a whole (35).<br />
In addressing the ‘complex organization’ of culture as a particular way of life, the<br />
purpose of cultural analysis is always to underst<strong>and</strong> what a culture is expressing; ‘the<br />
actual experience through which a culture was lived’; the ‘important common element’;<br />
‘a particular community of experience’ (36). In short, to reconstitute what Williams<br />
calls ‘the structure of feeling’ (ibid.). By structure of feeling, he means the shared values<br />
of a particular group, class or society. The term is used to describe a discursive structure<br />
that is a cross between a collective cultural unconscious <strong>and</strong> an ideology. He uses, for<br />
example, the term to explain the way in which many nineteenth-century novels