Cultural Theory and Popular Culture
Cultural Theory and Popular Culture
Cultural Theory and Popular Culture
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
Althusserianism 77<br />
no ideology is sufficiently consistent to survive the test of figuration’ (194–5). Thus by<br />
giving fictional form to the ideology of imperialism, Verne’s work – ‘to read it against<br />
the grain of its intended meaning’ (230) – stages the contradictions between the myth<br />
<strong>and</strong> the reality of imperialism. The stories do not provide us with a ‘scientific’ denunciation<br />
(‘a knowledge in the strict sense’) of imperialism, but by an act of symptomatic<br />
reading ‘which dislodges the work internally’, they ‘make us see’, ‘make us perceive’,<br />
‘make us feel’, the terrible contradictions of the ideological discourses from which each<br />
text is constituted: ‘from which it is born, in which it bathes, from which it detaches<br />
itself . . . <strong>and</strong> to which it alludes’ (Althusser, 1971: 222). Verne’s science fiction, then,<br />
can be made to reveal to us – though not in the ways intended – the ideological <strong>and</strong><br />
historical conditions of its emergence.<br />
In the nineteenth century there were a great number of books written to advise<br />
young women on appropriate conduct. Here, for example, is an extract from Thomas<br />
Broadhurst’s Advice to Young Ladies on the Improvement of the Mind <strong>and</strong> Conduct of Life<br />
(1810),<br />
She who is faithfully employed in discharging the various duties of a wife <strong>and</strong><br />
daughter, a mother <strong>and</strong> a friend, is far more usefully occupied than one who, to<br />
the culpable neglect of the most important obligations, is daily absorbed by philosophic<br />
<strong>and</strong> literary speculations, or soaring aloft amidst the enchanted regions of<br />
fiction <strong>and</strong> romance (quoted in Mills, 2004: 80).<br />
Rather than see this as a straightforward sign of women’s oppression, a Machereyan<br />
analysis would interrogate the extent to which this text is also an indication of the failure<br />
of women to occupy positions traditionally dem<strong>and</strong>ed of them. In other words, if<br />
women were not engaging in philosophic <strong>and</strong> literary speculation, there would be no<br />
need to advise them against it. Women actually engaging in literary <strong>and</strong> philosophic<br />
speculation (<strong>and</strong> probably so much more) is, therefore, the determinate absence of the<br />
text. Similarly, Sara Mills (2004) points out how women’s travel writing in the nineteenth<br />
century had to continually address discourse of femininity which suggested that<br />
travel was something beyond a woman’s strength <strong>and</strong> commitment. For example, in<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>ra David-Neel’s account of her travels in Tibet we read, ‘For nineteen hours we<br />
had been walking. Strangely enough, I did not feel tired’ (quoted in Mills, 2004: 90).<br />
It is the phrase ‘strangely enough’ that points to a determinate absence: a masculine<br />
discourse of disbelief that haunts the unconscious of the text.<br />
Finally, Photo 4.3 shows two figures on an otherwise empty beach; they look cold<br />
<strong>and</strong> uncomfortable. When trying to decide what this photograph signifies, it is very<br />
likely that our interpretation may well be organized <strong>and</strong> shaped by a historically<br />
specific determinate absence: a normative expectation of a beach as a place of holidaymakers,<br />
relaxed <strong>and</strong> enjoying themselves. It is this determinate absence that locates the<br />
‘meaning’ of the photograph in a specific historical moment: before the rise of the<br />
seaside holiday in the 1840s, this normative expectation would have been unavailable<br />
as an interpretative framework. In other words, the meaning we make is both historical<br />
<strong>and</strong> structured by absence.