Cultural Theory and Popular Culture
Cultural Theory and Popular Culture
Cultural Theory and Popular Culture
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Reading women’s magazines 157<br />
between a focus on how meanings are made of specific texts (Ang, 1985, Radway,<br />
1987, for example) <strong>and</strong> a focus on the contexts of media consumption (Gray, 1992,<br />
Morley, 1986, for example). In other words, rather than begin with a text <strong>and</strong> show<br />
how people appropriate it <strong>and</strong> make it meaningful, or begin with the contexts of consumption<br />
<strong>and</strong> show how these constrain the ways in which appropriation <strong>and</strong> the<br />
making of meaning can take place, she has ‘tried to reconstruct the diffuse genre or set<br />
of genres that is called women’s magazines <strong>and</strong> [to demonstrate] how they become<br />
meaningful exclusively through the perception of their readers’ (Hermes, 1995: 6). She<br />
calls this approach ‘the theorisation of meaning production in everyday contexts’<br />
(ibid.). In working in this way, she is able to avoid the deployment of textual analysis,<br />
with its implied notion of an identifiably correct meaning, or limited set of meanings,<br />
which a reader may or may not activate. ‘My perspective’, she explains, ‘is that texts<br />
acquire meaning only in the interaction between readers <strong>and</strong> texts <strong>and</strong> that analysis of<br />
the text on its own is never enough to reconstruct these meanings’ (10). To enable this<br />
way of working she introduces the concept of ‘repertoires’. She explains the concept as<br />
follows: ‘Repertoires are the cultural resources that speakers fall back on <strong>and</strong> refer to.<br />
Which repertoires are used depends on the cultural capital of an individual reader’ (8).<br />
Moreover, ‘Texts do not directly have meaning. The various repertoires readers use<br />
make texts meaningful’ (40).<br />
Hermes conducted eighty interviews with both women <strong>and</strong> men. She was initially<br />
disappointed at the fact that her interviewees seemed reluctant to talk about how they<br />
made meanings from the women’s magazines they read; <strong>and</strong> when they did discuss this<br />
issue, they often suggested instead, against the ‘common sense’ of much media <strong>and</strong> cultural<br />
theory, that their encounters with these magazines were hardly meaningful at all.<br />
After the initial disappointment, these discussions gradually prompted Hermes to recognize<br />
what she calls ‘the fallacy of meaningfulness’ (16). What this phrase is intended<br />
to convey is her rejection of a way of working in media <strong>and</strong> cultural analysis that is<br />
premised on the view that the encounter between reader <strong>and</strong> text should always be<br />
understood solely in terms of the production of meaning. This general preoccupation<br />
with meaning, she claims, has resulted from an influential body of work that concentrated<br />
on fans (<strong>and</strong>, I would add, youth subcultures), rather than on the consumption<br />
practices of ordinary people; <strong>and</strong>, moreover, it resulted from a conspicuous failure to<br />
situate consumption in the routines of everyday life. Against the influence of this body<br />
of work, she argues for a critical perspective in which ‘the media text has to be displaced<br />
in favour of readers’ reports of their everyday lives’ (148). As she explains, ‘To underst<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> theorize everyday media use, a more sophisticated view of meaning production<br />
is required than one that does not recognise different levels of psychological<br />
investment or emotional commitment <strong>and</strong> reflection’ (16).<br />
By a detailed <strong>and</strong> critical analysis of recurrent themes <strong>and</strong> repeated issues that arise<br />
in the interview material she collected, Hermes attempts to reconstruct the various<br />
repertoires employed by the interviewees in the consumption of women’s magazines.<br />
She identifies four repertoires: ‘easily put down’, ‘relaxation’, ‘practical knowledge’ <strong>and</strong><br />
‘emotional learning <strong>and</strong> connected knowing’ (31). The first of these repertoires, perhaps<br />
the most straightforward to underst<strong>and</strong>, identifies women’s magazines as a genre