Cultural Theory and Popular Culture
Cultural Theory and Popular Culture
Cultural Theory and Popular Culture
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222<br />
Chapter 10 The politics of the popular<br />
The French cultural theorist Michel de Certeau (1984, 2009) also interrogates the<br />
term ‘consumer’, to reveal the activity that lies within the act of consumption or what<br />
he prefers to call ‘secondary production’ (2009: 547). Consumption, as he says, ‘is<br />
devious, it is dispersed, but it insinuates itself everywhere, silently <strong>and</strong> almost invisibly,<br />
because it does not manifest itself through its own products, but rather through<br />
its ways of using the products imposed by a dominant economic order’ (546). For de<br />
Certeau, the cultural field is a site of continual conflict (silent <strong>and</strong> almost invisibly)<br />
between the ‘strategy’ of cultural imposition (production) <strong>and</strong> the ‘tactics’ of cultural<br />
use (consumption or ‘secondary production’). The cultural critic must be alert to<br />
‘the difference or similarity between . . . production . . . <strong>and</strong> . . . secondary production<br />
hidden in the process of . . . utilisation’ (547). 51 He characterizes the active consumption<br />
of texts as ‘poaching’: ‘readers are travellers; they move across l<strong>and</strong>s belonging to<br />
someone else, like nomads poaching their way across the fields they did not write’<br />
(1984: 174).<br />
The idea of reading as poaching is clearly a rejection of any theoretical position that<br />
assumes that the ‘message’ of a text is something which is imposed on a reader. Such<br />
approaches, he argues, are based on a fundamental misunderst<strong>and</strong>ing of the processes<br />
of consumption. It is a ‘misunderst<strong>and</strong>ing [which] assumes that “assimilating” necessarily,<br />
means “becoming similar to” what one absorbs, <strong>and</strong> not “making something<br />
similar” to what one is, making it one’s own, appropriating or reappropriating it’ (166).<br />
Acts of textual poaching are always in potential conflict with the ‘scriptural economy’<br />
(131–76) of textual producers <strong>and</strong> those institutional voices (professional critics,<br />
academics, etc.) who, through an insistence on the authority of authorial <strong>and</strong>/or textual<br />
meaning, work to limit <strong>and</strong> to confine the production <strong>and</strong> circulation of ‘unauthorized’<br />
meanings. In this way, de Certeau’s notion of ‘poaching’ is a challenge to<br />
traditional models of reading, in which the purpose of reading is the passive reception<br />
of authorial <strong>and</strong>/or textual intent: that is, models of reading in which reading is<br />
reduced to a question of being ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. He makes an interesting observation<br />
about how the notion of a text containing a hidden meaning may help sustain certain<br />
relationships of power in matters of pedagogy:<br />
This fiction condemns consumers to subjection because they are always going to<br />
be guilty of infidelity or ignorance when confronted by the mute ‘riches’ of the treasury.<br />
. . . The fiction of the ‘treasury’ hidden in the work, a sort of strong-box full<br />
of meaning, is obviously not based on the productivity of the reader, but on the<br />
social institution that overdetermines his relation with the text. Reading is as it<br />
were overprinted by a relationship of forces (between teachers <strong>and</strong> pupils ...)<br />
whose instrument it becomes (171).<br />
This may in turn produce a teaching practice in which ‘students . . . are scornfully<br />
driven back or cleverly coaxed back to the meaning “accepted” by their teachers’<br />
(172). 52 This is often informed by what we might call ‘textual determinism’: 53 the view<br />
that the value of something is inherent in the thing itself. This position can lead to<br />
a way of working in which certain texts <strong>and</strong> practices are prejudged to be beneath