The Jeremiad Over Journalism

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topics. 579 Based on this observation one might expect more soft news from Ekstra Bladet than Politiken and the content analysis also shows the expected difference in the use of hard news, though the results for Ekstra Bladet are not statistically significant. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Hard news Ekstra Bladet 1971 1981 1990 2001 Table 51 – Percentage of hard news leads in Ekstra Bladet between 1971 and 2001. Based on the results, hypothesis H2c stating that ―from 1968 and forward news stories in Danish newspapaers increasingly utilize a hard news lead,‖ can neither be confirmed or rejected. Yet, the statistically insignificant tendency seems to be a decline in hard news leads. Overall, however, H2 expecting Danish news journalism to have moved increasingly towards the ―objectivity norm,‖ is confirmed since the most convincing statistically significant result confirmed hypothesis 2b and the results for hypothesis 2a and 2c were more ambiguous. Politiken is the Danish newspaper which most clearly exhibit the ―objective‖ characteristics expected with its statistically significant increase in descriptive reporting and the use of two or more sources in political reporting between 1971 and 2001. Similarly, Berlingske Tidende abandoned the use of one-source articles on the front page in the period studied and the same seems to be the case for 579 Juhl, Bladet Fra Munden [Speak Your Mind]. Page 176. See also Dirckinck-Holmfeldt, Tør - Hvor Andre Tier; Vrisne Victor Og Hans Hvalpe [Dares - Where Others Keep Silent; Grumpy Victor and His Pups]. Page 80-83. 216 N(1971) = 25 N(1981) = 19 N(1990) = 12 N(2001)= 30 Ekstra Bladet Linear tendency (Ekstra Bladet)
Ekstra Bladet though this development is not statistically signifant. 580 Consequently, it is obvious that Danish news coverage over time includes more quoted sources in political articles. Though it must be noted that the inclusion of two or more sources in a political article does not necessarily lead to balanced reporting, the previously mentioned examples from Politiken in 2001 indicate that political actors with opposing viewpoints are included in the two-source articles. 581 The present content analysis provides an empirical foundation for arguing that one-source articles in Danish political news are rarer than was the case in the 1970s and early 1980s. Balanced political news reporting has long been the ideal in the United States and it has also become the case in Denmark. As expected there seems to be a time lag in the adoption of the American ideal of balanced political reporting. 582 Conclusion In summary, the selected Danish newspapers have increasingly adopted the ideal of using more than one source in political reporting on the front page. As opposed to the overall news frame, there seems to be a similar development between the use of balanced political articles in the United States and the use of balanced articles in Denmark with a time lag before this development is seen in the Danish newspapers. Whether the use of at least two sources also leads to balancing sources with opposing viewpoints can not be determined by the present content analysis, but a sampling of the political articles from 2001 reveals that the practice of balancing opposing statements was clearly present in Politiken‘s reporting every time at least two sources appeared in the newspapers‘ political articles. A slight decline in descriptive news is detectable for Berlingske Tidende but over time Politiken and Berlingske Tidende are at least as ―objective‖ as their American counterparts based on the use of two-source articles, descriptive and hard news. There is, however, a declining tendency of hard news coverage for all the Danish news outlets but the percentage of hard news for Politiken and Berlingske Tidende is still comparable to The New York Times and Los Angeles Times. It is therefore possible to argue that a shift towards the ―objectivity ideal‖ and an appropriation of journalistic practices, which emanated in the United States, has taken place in Denmark. In the 580 Between 1981 and 2001 Politiken‘s use of zero- or one-source articles declines from 73,9 to 16,6 percent, while the numbers for Berlingske Tidende is a decline from 87,5 percent to 27,5. Also Ekstra Bladet‘s political articles decline from 68,4 to 43,3 percent in that period. 581 Meilby, "Discountjournalistik Med En Enkelt Kilde [Discount-Journalism with a Single Source]." 582 Schou, "Postwar Americanisation and the Revitalisation of European Culture." Page 149. 217
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1. Introduction The Jeremiad Over J
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Specifically this dissertation look
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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emphasizes moving from ―research
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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pre-condition for Americanization i
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devoted to their study. 31 Based on
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to correspond to, or even promote,
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―Americanization is a cousin to a
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abounds with references to American
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2.1.2 Assimilation The most promine
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experience as a visiting scholar in
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2.1.3 Power Asymmetry The most prev
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argues that Americanization is not
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The third wave of Americanization c
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view of Americanization which means
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cultural imperialism paradigm must
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and on the right a threat to nation
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Villaumes study of the period betwe
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systematically sought to influence
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Through these conscious efforts, th
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Kryhl Jensen, 2009 Building partial
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content analysis focusing on change
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any kind. 147 Consequently, Schudso
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first president was Johan van der K
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only places for reporters' opinions
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Mancini, when discussing convergenc
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emphasis on scandals, conflicts, an
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―commercial pressures have intens
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"Only in imaginary experience (in t
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like the press and publishing, beca
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The discussion concerning agency ov
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―The Agenda-Setting Function of t
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De Vreese emphasizes that, ―frame
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symbolic level, key actors on both
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importance of Danish participation
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thereby support the politicians‘
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―The audience consisted of more t
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Vietnam War and domestic as well as
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Schröter, however, argues that des
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proponents of government regulation
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approach of United States in the 19
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―TV-stations in Europe are fully
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Conclusion This section has shown t
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part of the clickety-clack pressroo
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that the United States is still the
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VT71 with 24K) with cable-connected
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4. Symbolic Americanization Address
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4.1 Transmission ―Danes,‖ wrote
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statements which have been received
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As a part of Washington‘s conscio
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of the United States to attention d
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―Short of a trip to the United St
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that Danish journalists would appre
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from Danish journalists who had act
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Schlüter, ― could as of yet only
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enhanced the opportunity to get off
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Forum Service with splendid article
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―Had far ranging talk with Jens N
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eport more positively on the United
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The impressions gathered from trave
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Roll was happy to report in July 19
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4.2.2 The exchanged journalists The
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experience and their greater unders
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year.‖ Throughout the year, Krab-
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Moreover, Krab-Johansen‘s own eva
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university. This stipend, supported
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one thing only, from their interact
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Talese‘s style in his 1962 articl
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Despite the uncertainty of what act
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Knud Buchardt returned to theme of
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course in early 1985 he incorporate
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important examples of transmission,
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To Schierbeck the book describing W
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journalism was taking shape within
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the American ‗Investigative Repor
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ethical standards,‖ and the newsp
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The German journalist Günher Wallr
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the government with an eye to its r
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According to Voss and van der Brugg
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facts should speak for themselves.
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commercialization (or Americanizati
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Page 167 and 168: three Danish and three American new
Page 169 and 170: in political campaigns. 522 To ensu
Page 171 and 172: Officin [Berlingske Printing House]
Page 173 and 174: First a comparison of 100 articles
Page 175 and 176: Based on the results described belo
Page 177 and 178: 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Issue news P
Page 179 and 180: 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Table 11 - Perc
Page 181 and 182: In relation to H1 the results betwe
Page 183 and 184: Like The New York Times, Los Angele
Page 185 and 186: 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Table 18 - P
Page 187 and 188: Yet, the relatively infrequent use
Page 189 and 190: ased on commercial pressure. Berlin
Page 191 and 192: The publicly owned newspaper Berlin
Page 193 and 194: 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Soft N
Page 195 and 196: slight decline in the use of interp
Page 197 and 198: 25 20 15 10 5 0 Table 32 - Percenta
Page 199 and 200: instead of substance in election co
Page 201 and 202: memoirs. 563 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
Page 203 and 204: 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Descri
Page 205 and 206: 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Descriptive new
Page 207 and 208: with a reply in the article. Based
Page 209 and 210: Berlingske Tidende, which historica
Page 211 and 212: Based on the above results hypothes
Page 213 and 214: For Politiken the percentage of har
Page 215: newspapers goal to become a more se
Page 219 and 220: Pundik had, for example, visited Th
Page 221 and 222: that Politiken in 1971 adopts a pol
Page 223 and 224: need for a more nuanced description
Page 225 and 226: striks among journalist‘s within
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Page 229 and 230: •British liberation •British in
Page 231 and 232: normative expectations and aspirati
Page 233 and 234: the years, and the documents that r
Page 235 and 236: Furthermore, studying American and
Page 237 and 238: detrimental to several American new
Page 239 and 240: 7. Conclusion Through archival and
Page 241 and 242: structural and symbolic Americaniza
Page 243 and 244: ———. On Television. Translate
Page 245 and 246: Døcker, Henrik. "Rejsen Til USA's
Page 247 and 248: Isager, Christine. "Skribenter Der
Page 249 and 250: Presse/Pressemeddelelser/2010/Novem
Page 251 and 252: Nielsen, Signe Højgaard, and Mathi
Page 253 and 254: ———. "Visit by Information Of
Page 255 and 256: ———. "Fyrre Indianere På Smu
Page 257 and 258: English Summary This dissertation e
Page 259 and 260: promote public debate, a key compon
Page 261 and 262: i Danmark, oparbejdelsen af personl
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