The Jeremiad Over Journalism

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a string of good propaganda results home in the context of a very favorable environment of public opinion towards the United States, and a low point placed in the late 1960‘s and early 1970‘s, when Osvald and Toftkjær Jensen wrote very critically of the United States and there were demonstrations almost every year at Rebild against the United States. 618 Americanization of Danish journalism then reached a high point again around 1973 and 1974 with Tom Wolfe‘s book on New Journalism and more importantly Woodward and Bernstein‘s publication of All the President’s Men and then, judging from Journalisten, a slight decrease in the mid-1980‘s where Danish journalists displayed a great deal of international solidarity by writing as much about third-world countries and the Soviet Union as they did about the United States. 619 It would then be fair to say that Americanization reached a new high in the 1990‘s after the fall of the Berlin wall. The Danish branch of ―Investigative Reporters and Editors Inc.‖ (FUJ) as well as a more formalized connection between the Poynter Institute and DJE which led to annual courses being taught by American journalists and scholars in Denmark were two tangible examples of a closer connection to the United States by Danish journalists. 618 A concrete example of the lack of enthusiasm for American society and politics among Danish journalists in the late 1960s can be found in April 1968 in Journalisten. Journalisten‘s editor Per Sabroe enthusiastically wrote an article where he encouraged Danish journalists to cover the American presidential election between Hubert H. Humphrey and Richard Nixon. The initiative had not previously been seen in Danish journalism, so it was a special opportunity presented to the journalists.―The presidential election in the United States appears to be extraordinarily exciting, as exciting as the Olympic Games. Concerning sport the press has in several instances cooperated to send a team as a package trip. The same initiative has – not yet – been taken regarding larger foreign policy events, known well ahead of time and the editor of Journalisten has therefore sought to have an itinerary outlined for a trip to the election in the United States for journalists. Yet a few months later, Sabroe had to concede, that his initiative had not been met with the enthusiasm he hoped and cancelled the tour. Per Sabroe, "USA-Rejsen [The USA Trip]," Journalisten, April 1968. Page 22. My translation. Original text reads, ―Præsidentvalget i USA tegner til at blive usædvanlig spændende – lige så spændende som en olympiade. Når det drejer sig om sport har dagbladene i flere tilfælde samarbejdet om at sende journalisthold af sted til charterpris. Der er – endnu ikke – samme initiativ omkring større udenrigspolitiske begivenheder, som man kender i god tid, og Journalistens redaktør har derfor søgt at få opstillet et rejseprogram fo en tur til valget i USA for journalister (…)‖ 619 The editorial line in Journalisten during the 1980‘s seems to have been focused on a great sense of solidaritywith countries and journalists less well off. Journaliten had regular campaigns of ―write your colleague free,‖ where Danish journalists were encouraged to write to regimes that lacked press freedom to raise awareness of imprisoned colleagues. Journalisten also described the establishment of of a Danish Third world press agency and had articles from Kenya, South Africa, Pakistan, China and India as well as offering annual DJE courses on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe to name some examples. See for instance, Flemming Ytzen, "Journalistik Fra Den Tredje Verden Til Salg [Journalism from the Third World for Sale]," Journalisten, September 14, 1983. Page 12-13. Or concerning the socialist views of former Journalisten-editor Frede Jakobsen see Anette Claudi, "Provokation Hans Metode [Provocation His Method]," Journalisten, March 28, 1990. Page 2. 228
•British liberation •British influence 1945 1950's •USIA •Daily News Bulletin •Osvald/Toftkjær •Negative articles 1969 Furthermore, while key actors in Denmark have travelled to the United States for inspiration for years, it is important to remember, that the United States, being a nation of immigrants, also got much inspiration from the outside world on a continual basis. In the 19 th century and early 20 th century Europeans like Josef Pulitzer, who had the most prestigious journalistic award named after him, and Jacob Riis who pioneered flash photography, and the ―muckraking‖ use of reporting to prompt social reform left important imprints. 620 Additionally, a host of European intellectuals fled to the United States in the 1930‘s and early 1940‘s, which according to Pells‘ assimilationist interpretation, has led to American universities, Broadway theaters, publishing houses, and magazines being, ―deeply affected by European intellectuals, artists, and entrepreneurs.‖ 621 More recently, with the problems faced by the commercial newspaper model exemplified by the American newspapers, American observers have turned to Europe for examples of how to preserve the journalistic institutions that serve the public interest. 622 620 Jacob A. Riis, How The Other Half Lives, Penguin Classics (New York: Penguin Books, 1997). Page 27-31. Tom Buk-Swienty, Den Ideelle Amerikaner [The Ideal American] (København: Gyldendal, 2005). Page 7-9. 621 Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II.. Page 313. 622 McChesney and Nichols, The Death and Life of American Journalism. Page 228. Also Bree Nordenson, "The Uncle Sam Solution: Can the Government Help the Press? Should It?," Columbia Journalism Review (2007). Page 40. 229 1974 •Watergate •New Journalism Table 52 – A simplified model of peaks and valleys in American influence on Danish journalism •Third World •Soviet Union Mid-1980s •FUJ •DJE and Poynter Institute 1990
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1. Introduction The Jeremiad Over J
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Specifically this dissertation look
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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emphasizes moving from ―research
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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pre-condition for Americanization i
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devoted to their study. 31 Based on
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to correspond to, or even promote,
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―Americanization is a cousin to a
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abounds with references to American
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2.1.2 Assimilation The most promine
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experience as a visiting scholar in
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2.1.3 Power Asymmetry The most prev
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argues that Americanization is not
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The third wave of Americanization c
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view of Americanization which means
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cultural imperialism paradigm must
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and on the right a threat to nation
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Villaumes study of the period betwe
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systematically sought to influence
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Through these conscious efforts, th
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Kryhl Jensen, 2009 Building partial
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content analysis focusing on change
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any kind. 147 Consequently, Schudso
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first president was Johan van der K
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only places for reporters' opinions
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Mancini, when discussing convergenc
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emphasis on scandals, conflicts, an
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―commercial pressures have intens
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"Only in imaginary experience (in t
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like the press and publishing, beca
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The discussion concerning agency ov
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―The Agenda-Setting Function of t
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De Vreese emphasizes that, ―frame
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symbolic level, key actors on both
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importance of Danish participation
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thereby support the politicians‘
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―The audience consisted of more t
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Vietnam War and domestic as well as
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Schröter, however, argues that des
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proponents of government regulation
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approach of United States in the 19
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―TV-stations in Europe are fully
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Conclusion This section has shown t
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part of the clickety-clack pressroo
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that the United States is still the
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VT71 with 24K) with cable-connected
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4. Symbolic Americanization Address
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4.1 Transmission ―Danes,‖ wrote
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statements which have been received
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As a part of Washington‘s conscio
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of the United States to attention d
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―Short of a trip to the United St
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that Danish journalists would appre
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from Danish journalists who had act
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Schlüter, ― could as of yet only
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enhanced the opportunity to get off
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Forum Service with splendid article
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―Had far ranging talk with Jens N
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eport more positively on the United
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The impressions gathered from trave
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Roll was happy to report in July 19
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4.2.2 The exchanged journalists The
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experience and their greater unders
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year.‖ Throughout the year, Krab-
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Moreover, Krab-Johansen‘s own eva
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university. This stipend, supported
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one thing only, from their interact
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Talese‘s style in his 1962 articl
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Despite the uncertainty of what act
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Knud Buchardt returned to theme of
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course in early 1985 he incorporate
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important examples of transmission,
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To Schierbeck the book describing W
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journalism was taking shape within
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the American ‗Investigative Repor
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ethical standards,‖ and the newsp
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The German journalist Günher Wallr
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the government with an eye to its r
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According to Voss and van der Brugg
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facts should speak for themselves.
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commercialization (or Americanizati
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and self-consciously diverges from
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three Danish and three American new
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in political campaigns. 522 To ensu
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Officin [Berlingske Printing House]
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First a comparison of 100 articles
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Based on the results described belo
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Page 181 and 182: In relation to H1 the results betwe
Page 183 and 184: Like The New York Times, Los Angele
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Page 187 and 188: Yet, the relatively infrequent use
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Page 195 and 196: slight decline in the use of interp
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Page 207 and 208: with a reply in the article. Based
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Page 235 and 236: Furthermore, studying American and
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Page 239 and 240: 7. Conclusion Through archival and
Page 241 and 242: structural and symbolic Americaniza
Page 243 and 244: ———. On Television. Translate
Page 245 and 246: Døcker, Henrik. "Rejsen Til USA's
Page 247 and 248: Isager, Christine. "Skribenter Der
Page 249 and 250: Presse/Pressemeddelelser/2010/Novem
Page 251 and 252: Nielsen, Signe Højgaard, and Mathi
Page 253 and 254: ———. "Visit by Information Of
Page 255 and 256: ———. "Fyrre Indianere På Smu
Page 257 and 258: English Summary This dissertation e
Page 259 and 260: promote public debate, a key compon
Page 261 and 262: i Danmark, oparbejdelsen af personl
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The Jeremiad Over Journalism

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