The Jeremiad Over Journalism

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debate. ―The media subsidy should be able to contribute to a multifarious, versatile, high quality supply, to all citizens in Denmark. of knowledge and culture dissemination along with significant societal information and debate of importance for a democratic society.‖ 294 Consequently, the Danish state‘s media subsidies is seen as helping Danish media institutions finance the production of original news stories which furthers general education in Denmark as well as provide a structural framework for media content that is focused on the longer perspective for the common good as opposed to catering to individual short-term tastes. 295 Judging from the increase in culture and debate material, it seems that the Danish governments direct and indirect media subsidies have helped support a wide range of original news stories in both print and electronic media. Though Lund and Sepstrup‘s report predict greater commercial influence on the print media if the structure of the subsidies is not changed, Postman‘s gloomy predictions concerning television and the subsequent influence on print media seem not to have come true in terms of media diversity, news stories and culture. Yet the question remains whether or not recent developments in Danish journalism has been accompanied by an increased focus on form instead of substance in political reporting? This will be adressed in the content analysis conducted in chapter 5. Based Sepstrup and Lund‘s findings it must be concluded that the direct Danish media subsidies, likely helped by increased professionalism of Danish journalists, have helped uphold normative ideals about journalism‘s democratic function, as opposed to giving way to a ―monetarization of decision-making and relationships‖ which according to Schröter characterizes commercialism. 294 Kulturministeriet, "Kommissorium for Udvalget Om Den Fremtidige Mediestøtte [Mandate for the Committee on the Future Media Subsidy],"(2010), http://kum.dk/da/Nyheder-og-Presse/Pressemeddelelser/2010/November/Denfremtidige-offentlige-mediestotte-skal-undersoges/Kommissorium-for-Udvalget-om-den-fremtidige-offentligemediestotte/. Accessed November 27, 2010. My translation. Original text reads, ―Mediestøtten skal kunne bidrage til at sikre et mangfoldigt, alsidigt udbud af høj kvalitet til alle borgere i Danmark af formidling af viden og kultur samt væsentlig samfundsinformation og debat af betydning for et demokratisk samfund.‖ 295 Lund and Sepstrup, "Udredning Af Den Fremtidige Offentlige Mediestøtte [A Report on the Future of State Media Subsidies]." Page 18-19. 86
Conclusion This section has shown that the American economic model has held considerably sway over European countries since the end of World War II. The economic aid accompanying the Marshall Plan played a pivotal role in the 1950‘s and the economic incentives tied to deregulation and privatization proved attractive during the 1980‘s. The late 1970‘s, however, were characterized by the second crest of Americanization receding based domestic political and economic problems. From the late 1980‘s a resurgence of Americanization and the commercialization accompanying this process has, nonetheless, had important consequences for the Danish tele-communications market which has been opened up to domestic and foreign competition as was also the case for the Danish television industry. The Danish government, however, has since 1970 countered the effects of commercialization with direct media subsidies to the press, radio and television. The result according to available research is an increase in cultural and debate coverage along with an increase in the amount of news stories when combining all news outlets. A decline in original news articles produced by the press has, however, declined slightly between 1999 and 2008, but still 70 percent of the original news stories produced in Denmark originate with the press. It therefore seems that the consequences of commercialization, the monetarization of relationships, has been curtailed somewhat by direct and indirect Danish media subsidies and the professionalism of Danish journalists. 3.3 Americanization and Technology ―There is no doubt that the process of homogenization is also connected with technological innovation,‖ writes Hallin and Mancini and adds, ―changes in television technology, for one thing, clearly played an important role in disrupting the existing media structure by facilitation cross- national broadcasting and the mulitiplication of channels.‖ 296 Along with diplomacy, strategy, economy and culture, the role of technology play an important part in discussions about Americanization of Danish society in general, and journalism specifically, from the late 1960‘s and forward. As van Elteren notes, "There are images and products, technologies and practices, that have historically been (and sometimes still are) closely identified 296 Hallin and Mancini, Comparing Media Systems. Three Models of Media and Politics. Page 260. 87
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1. Introduction The Jeremiad Over J
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Specifically this dissertation look
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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emphasizes moving from ―research
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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pre-condition for Americanization i
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devoted to their study. 31 Based on
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to correspond to, or even promote,
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―Americanization is a cousin to a
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abounds with references to American
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2.1.2 Assimilation The most promine
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experience as a visiting scholar in
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2.1.3 Power Asymmetry The most prev
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argues that Americanization is not
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The third wave of Americanization c
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view of Americanization which means
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cultural imperialism paradigm must
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Page 37 and 38: Villaumes study of the period betwe
Page 39 and 40: systematically sought to influence
Page 41 and 42: Through these conscious efforts, th
Page 43 and 44: Kryhl Jensen, 2009 Building partial
Page 45 and 46: content analysis focusing on change
Page 47 and 48: any kind. 147 Consequently, Schudso
Page 49 and 50: first president was Johan van der K
Page 51 and 52: only places for reporters' opinions
Page 53 and 54: Mancini, when discussing convergenc
Page 55 and 56: emphasis on scandals, conflicts, an
Page 57 and 58: ―commercial pressures have intens
Page 59 and 60: "Only in imaginary experience (in t
Page 61 and 62: like the press and publishing, beca
Page 63 and 64: The discussion concerning agency ov
Page 65 and 66: ―The Agenda-Setting Function of t
Page 67 and 68: De Vreese emphasizes that, ―frame
Page 69 and 70: symbolic level, key actors on both
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Page 73 and 74: thereby support the politicians‘
Page 75 and 76: ―The audience consisted of more t
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Page 79 and 80: Schröter, however, argues that des
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Page 93 and 94: VT71 with 24K) with cable-connected
Page 95 and 96: 4. Symbolic Americanization Address
Page 97 and 98: 4.1 Transmission ―Danes,‖ wrote
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Page 101 and 102: As a part of Washington‘s conscio
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Page 105 and 106: ―Short of a trip to the United St
Page 107 and 108: that Danish journalists would appre
Page 109 and 110: from Danish journalists who had act
Page 111 and 112: Schlüter, ― could as of yet only
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Page 117 and 118: ―Had far ranging talk with Jens N
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Page 121 and 122: The impressions gathered from trave
Page 123 and 124: Roll was happy to report in July 19
Page 125 and 126: 4.2.2 The exchanged journalists The
Page 127 and 128: experience and their greater unders
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Page 131 and 132: Moreover, Krab-Johansen‘s own eva
Page 133 and 134: university. This stipend, supported
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Talese‘s style in his 1962 articl
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Despite the uncertainty of what act
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Knud Buchardt returned to theme of
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course in early 1985 he incorporate
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important examples of transmission,
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To Schierbeck the book describing W
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journalism was taking shape within
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the American ‗Investigative Repor
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ethical standards,‖ and the newsp
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The German journalist Günher Wallr
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the government with an eye to its r
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According to Voss and van der Brugg
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facts should speak for themselves.
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commercialization (or Americanizati
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and self-consciously diverges from
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three Danish and three American new
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in political campaigns. 522 To ensu
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Officin [Berlingske Printing House]
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First a comparison of 100 articles
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Based on the results described belo
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70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Issue news P
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60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Table 11 - Perc
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In relation to H1 the results betwe
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Like The New York Times, Los Angele
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70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Table 18 - P
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Yet, the relatively infrequent use
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ased on commercial pressure. Berlin
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The publicly owned newspaper Berlin
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90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Soft N
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slight decline in the use of interp
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25 20 15 10 5 0 Table 32 - Percenta
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instead of substance in election co
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memoirs. 563 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
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90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Descri
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60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Descriptive new
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with a reply in the article. Based
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Berlingske Tidende, which historica
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Based on the above results hypothes
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For Politiken the percentage of har
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newspapers goal to become a more se
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Ekstra Bladet though this developme
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Pundik had, for example, visited Th
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that Politiken in 1971 adopts a pol
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need for a more nuanced description
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striks among journalist‘s within
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orrowings.‖ 613 On the other hand
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•British liberation •British in
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normative expectations and aspirati
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the years, and the documents that r
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Furthermore, studying American and
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detrimental to several American new
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7. Conclusion Through archival and
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structural and symbolic Americaniza
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———. On Television. Translate
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Døcker, Henrik. "Rejsen Til USA's
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Isager, Christine. "Skribenter Der
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Presse/Pressemeddelelser/2010/Novem
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Nielsen, Signe Højgaard, and Mathi
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———. "Visit by Information Of
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———. "Fyrre Indianere På Smu
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English Summary This dissertation e
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promote public debate, a key compon
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i Danmark, oparbejdelsen af personl
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