The Jeremiad Over Journalism

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closely connected to the notion of public service and understood as professionally produced media content selected and processed based on professional standards which live up to the ideal of furthering debate, culture and general education in broader society. 598 Additionally, Hjarvard argues that though the Danish newspaper market has been increasingly commercialized, it has not lost the publicist core of working in the public‘s interest. According to Hjarvard, Berlingske Tidende is experiencing increased commercial pressure after Det Berlingske Officin was sold to first Orkla and then Mecom Group, while Politiken entered into a commercial partnership with Jyllands-Posten despite ideological differences, to preserve a press ―that is not purely commercial, but combines publicist and businesslike interests.‖ 599 Hjarvard notes that the Danish media system has reflected the development of broader society after World War II, an observation which goes hand-in-hand with Hallin and Mancini‘s argument that media systems closely mirror the greater societal context they develop in. Currently, however, two different approaches to newspapers publishing is now apparent, a purely commercial, exemplified by free newspapers like Metro Express, and a half commercial and half publicist approach exemplified by newspapers like Politiken and Berlingske Tidende with Ekstra Bladet occupying a middle ground according to Hjarvard. Hjarvard labels this tendency the divided press system or functional differentiation. According to Hjarvard, the free newspapers in Denmark are the ones most resembling the purely commercial and politically neutral newspapers espoused by the liberal media model, but the newspapers that are subsidized through subscriptions, advertisements as well as the state still are able to resist the purely commercial approach to newspaper publishing. ―The present development is characterized by commercialization, but it will not necessarily lead to a purely liberal press model in Denmark. The closer interplay between press and politics, between journalistic professionalism, publicist ambition and commercial interests can result in more complex press relations than existing theories prescribe. Not least is there a 598 Ibid. Page 18. 599 Hjarvard, "Den Politiske Presse - En Analyse Af Danske Avisers Politiske Orientering [The Political Press: An Analysis of Political Parallelism in Danish Newspapers]." Page 31-32 and 45-46. My translation. Original text reads, ―Der er naturligvis tale om et fornuftsægteskab, der skal sikre stordriftsfordele i den øgede konkurrence, men man har samtidig skabt et fælles selskab, hvormed man håber at kunne forsvare eksistensen af en presse, der ikke er rent kommerciel, men kombinerer publicistiske og forretningsmæssige interesser.‖ 222
need for a more nuanced description of the press‘ political role than theories based on an American media reality indicate. The party press is dead, but the rumors of the political press‘ death are greatly exaggerated.‖ 600 It therefore seems that the structures of the Danish newspapers market, where the major newspapers still espouse a publicist ideal of furthering debate, which again qualifies them for government subsidies to an extent inhibits the more purely commercial conditions of the American newspaper market. Moreover, the merger between Politiken and Jylland-Posten at the organizational level also provides an example of a compromise between commercial and publicist ideals. Danish newspapers are consolidating and branching out to other media outlets like radio and the web in order to make enough money for ensuring that the publicist foundation endures. The unique economic and political history of the Scandinavian countries has in turn developed a Scandinavian journalism tradition which has been distinct from the more unadulterated commercial American model. Conclusion It seems the claim that increased commercialization leads to increased focus on opinion polls and less focus on political issues cannot be supported by the present study. On the contrary there is a distinct increase in coverage of political issues in Danish media between 1990 and 2001. Part of this increase may be explained in terms of the election context, namely the prevalence of immigration discussions during the campaign, but part of this coverage may also be due to a publicist core news value upheld in Denmark by direct and indirect government subsidies as discussed in Chapter 3 and in the last part of the present chapter. Moreover, Danish newspapers have increasingly adopted the ideal of using more than one source in political reporting and a random sample from Politiken‘s political reporting also shows that the appropriation of two-source articles has led to a balancing of opposing statements, which is a journalistic practice emanating from the United States. 600 Ibid. Page 51. My translation. Original text reads, ―Den igangværende udvikling er præget af kommercialisering, men det vil ikke nødvendigvis føre til en rent liberal pressemodel i Danmark. Det nærmere samspil mellem presse og politik, mellem journalistisk professionalisme, publicistiske ambitioner og kommercielle interesser kan resultere i mere sammensatte presseforhold end eksisterende teorier foreskriver. Ikke mindst er der behov for en mere nuanceret beskrivelse af pressens politiske rolle, end teorier med afsæt i en amerikansk medievirkelighed angiver. Partipressen er død, men rygterne om den politiske presses død er stærkt overdrevne.‖ 223
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1. Introduction The Jeremiad Over J
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Specifically this dissertation look
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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emphasizes moving from ―research
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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pre-condition for Americanization i
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devoted to their study. 31 Based on
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to correspond to, or even promote,
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―Americanization is a cousin to a
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abounds with references to American
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2.1.2 Assimilation The most promine
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experience as a visiting scholar in
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2.1.3 Power Asymmetry The most prev
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argues that Americanization is not
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The third wave of Americanization c
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view of Americanization which means
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cultural imperialism paradigm must
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and on the right a threat to nation
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Villaumes study of the period betwe
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systematically sought to influence
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Through these conscious efforts, th
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Kryhl Jensen, 2009 Building partial
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content analysis focusing on change
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any kind. 147 Consequently, Schudso
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first president was Johan van der K
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only places for reporters' opinions
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Mancini, when discussing convergenc
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emphasis on scandals, conflicts, an
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―commercial pressures have intens
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"Only in imaginary experience (in t
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like the press and publishing, beca
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The discussion concerning agency ov
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―The Agenda-Setting Function of t
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De Vreese emphasizes that, ―frame
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symbolic level, key actors on both
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importance of Danish participation
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thereby support the politicians‘
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―The audience consisted of more t
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Vietnam War and domestic as well as
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Schröter, however, argues that des
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proponents of government regulation
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approach of United States in the 19
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―TV-stations in Europe are fully
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Conclusion This section has shown t
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part of the clickety-clack pressroo
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that the United States is still the
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VT71 with 24K) with cable-connected
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4. Symbolic Americanization Address
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4.1 Transmission ―Danes,‖ wrote
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statements which have been received
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As a part of Washington‘s conscio
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of the United States to attention d
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―Short of a trip to the United St
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that Danish journalists would appre
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from Danish journalists who had act
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Schlüter, ― could as of yet only
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enhanced the opportunity to get off
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Forum Service with splendid article
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―Had far ranging talk with Jens N
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eport more positively on the United
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The impressions gathered from trave
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Roll was happy to report in July 19
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4.2.2 The exchanged journalists The
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experience and their greater unders
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year.‖ Throughout the year, Krab-
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Moreover, Krab-Johansen‘s own eva
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university. This stipend, supported
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one thing only, from their interact
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Talese‘s style in his 1962 articl
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Despite the uncertainty of what act
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Knud Buchardt returned to theme of
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course in early 1985 he incorporate
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important examples of transmission,
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To Schierbeck the book describing W
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journalism was taking shape within
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the American ‗Investigative Repor
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ethical standards,‖ and the newsp
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The German journalist Günher Wallr
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the government with an eye to its r
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According to Voss and van der Brugg
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facts should speak for themselves.
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commercialization (or Americanizati
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and self-consciously diverges from
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three Danish and three American new
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in political campaigns. 522 To ensu
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Page 173 and 174: First a comparison of 100 articles
Page 175 and 176: Based on the results described belo
Page 177 and 178: 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Issue news P
Page 179 and 180: 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Table 11 - Perc
Page 181 and 182: In relation to H1 the results betwe
Page 183 and 184: Like The New York Times, Los Angele
Page 185 and 186: 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Table 18 - P
Page 187 and 188: Yet, the relatively infrequent use
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Page 193 and 194: 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Soft N
Page 195 and 196: slight decline in the use of interp
Page 197 and 198: 25 20 15 10 5 0 Table 32 - Percenta
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Page 203 and 204: 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Descri
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Page 207 and 208: with a reply in the article. Based
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Page 211 and 212: Based on the above results hypothes
Page 213 and 214: For Politiken the percentage of har
Page 215 and 216: newspapers goal to become a more se
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Page 221: that Politiken in 1971 adopts a pol
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Page 231 and 232: normative expectations and aspirati
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Page 235 and 236: Furthermore, studying American and
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Page 239 and 240: 7. Conclusion Through archival and
Page 241 and 242: structural and symbolic Americaniza
Page 243 and 244: ———. On Television. Translate
Page 245 and 246: Døcker, Henrik. "Rejsen Til USA's
Page 247 and 248: Isager, Christine. "Skribenter Der
Page 249 and 250: Presse/Pressemeddelelser/2010/Novem
Page 251 and 252: Nielsen, Signe Højgaard, and Mathi
Page 253 and 254: ———. "Visit by Information Of
Page 255 and 256: ———. "Fyrre Indianere På Smu
Page 257 and 258: English Summary This dissertation e
Page 259 and 260: promote public debate, a key compon
Page 261 and 262: i Danmark, oparbejdelsen af personl
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