The Jeremiad Over Journalism

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To summarize, Politiken‘s political coverage seems to be inspired by the Anglo-American ideal of objective journalism, meaning a hard news lead, descriptive reporting and representing both sides of a political controversy fairly from 1981 and forward. 589 The differences between Politiken and Berlingske Tidende as well as Ekstra Bladet may be explained by the newspapers‘ different customer- and leadership-profile as well as the three newspapers‘ different levels of commercial pressure. ―[M]edia systems are shaped by the wider context of political history, structure and culture,‖ argues Hallin and Mancini and it seems that the same can to an extent be said of the election campaigns studied here. We saw how the American frontpage coverage in 2000 reflected the close race between Gore and Bush and also found evidence that the Danish 2001 campaign was partly shaped by the great focus on the issue of immigration. 590 Developments in broader society may also help account for the greater amount of strategy and interpretative coverage seen in the Danish newspapers in 1971 as Politiken made gains in the use of the opinion poll. ―Today Politiken introduces a whole new form for opinion poll, which stands out from everything else of this kind by being current within the last 24 hours (…) The new system, which makes it possible to bring opinion analyses that time does not outrun is prepared by Kasper Vilstrup Market Analysis and conducted together with sociologist Harald Rømer. The study encompasses a panel of 400 voters who all have a telephone in common.‖ 591 In the days following this introduction Politiken published a host of articles with the latest voter opinions, articles which were often interpreted by Rømer or Vilstrup and therefore not written in the detached, descriptive way that the American ideal of objectivity espoused. Though the differences in journalistic content between the United States and Denmark have not diminished, it is notable 589 Jørgensen, Journalistik Med Stil: Fra Klassiske Nyheder Til Fortælling [Journalism with Style - From Classical News to Narrative]. Page 24-25. 590 Hallin and Mancini, Comparing Media Systems. Three Models of Media and Politics. Page 46. 591 Politiken, "Politikens Vælgerpanel [Politikens Election Panel]," Politiken, September 10, 1971. My translation. The original text reads, ―"Politiken introducerer i dag en helt ny form for opinionsundersøgelse, som adskiller sig fra alt andet af den art ved at være døgnaktuelle. (…) Det nye system, der gør det muligt at bringe opinionsanalyser som tiden ikke når at løbe fra inden de bringes frem er udarbejdet af Kasper Vilstrup Markedsanalyse og udført i samarbejde med sociologen Harald Rømer. Undersøgelsen omfatter et panel på 400 vælgere, som alle har det til fælles at de har telefon.‖ 220
that Politiken in 1971 adopts a polling method which emanated, and had been used, in the United States since at least 1936. 592 Berlingske Tidende at the same time was working with Gallup to give an indication of voters‘ political leanings and had been doing so since 1964. 593 Yet, an opinion poll from 1971 shows that Berlingske Tidende, compared to Politiken, was still using fairly old data to try and predict current political trends. 594 The fact that the strategy frame has been common in Danish news coverage at least since 1971 may then be partly explained by Politikens introduction of Vilstrups analyses and Berlingske Tidende‘s use of Gallup polls, but also by the fact that the content analysis sample is taken solely during the last three weeks of an election campaign, where the need for knowing who is ahead, or who is behind, is perhaps greater than is the case in non-election years. The introduction of the opinion poll, as a tool for political election coverage can also been seen as a form of structural Americanization in terms of science and technology, not until George H. Gallup introduced the survey techniques were they appropriated in a Danish setting and later incorporated into Danish news coverage. 595 5.4.1 Publicist and Public Service Despite recent studies finding an increased focus on personalization and political process in Danish news coverage, 596 there are also studies indicating that Danish public service coverage is alive and well. As noted previously Lund and Sepstrup found that Danish media subsidies have helped maintain a multifarious Danish media landscape where more space has been awarded cultural issues as well as public debate over the years. 597 Scandinavian definitions of the publicist concept are 592 Jr. Charles W. Roll and Albert H. Cantril, Polls: Their Use and Misuse in Politics (New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1972). Page 10. Roll and Cantril trace the evolution of polling in America all the way back to 1774, but places 1936 as the year where ―scientific‖ polls conducted by George H. Gallup first appeared. 593 Dan Larsen, Partiernes Bevægelser I Gallups Politiske Index [Party Movement in Gallups Political Index] (Århus: Institut for Presseforskning, 1978). Page 10 and appendix page 4. According to Larsen, Gallup has polled Danish people‘s political leanings since 1957. 594 Berlingske, "Berlingske-Gallup Om Partierne Og Vælgerne; Politisk Indeks [Berlingske-Gallup About the Parties and Voters; Political Index]," Berlingske Tidende, September 5, 1971. Page 8. 595 Larsen, Partiernes Bevægelser I Gallups Politiske Index [Party Movement in Gallups Political Index]. Page 10. The poll referred to on September 5, was collected between August 7 th and August 21 st that same year. See also Chalaby, The Invention of Journalism. Page 138. Chalaby notes that in England the ―News-Chronicle pioneered the use of the opinion poll during the 1945 General Election campaign.‖ 596 Peter Bro et al., "Mediernes Valgkamp [The Media's Election Campaign]," (Modinet Mandag Morgen, 2005). Page 12. See also Lasse Højsgaard, "Substansen Er Parkeret [The Substance Has Been Parked]," Journalisten, November 3, 2010. Page 28-29. 597 Lund and Sepstrup, "Udredning Af Den Fremtidige Offentlige Mediestøtte [A Report on the Future of State Media Subsidies]."Page 64. 221
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1. Introduction The Jeremiad Over J
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Specifically this dissertation look
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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emphasizes moving from ―research
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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pre-condition for Americanization i
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devoted to their study. 31 Based on
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to correspond to, or even promote,
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―Americanization is a cousin to a
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abounds with references to American
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2.1.2 Assimilation The most promine
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experience as a visiting scholar in
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2.1.3 Power Asymmetry The most prev
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argues that Americanization is not
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The third wave of Americanization c
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view of Americanization which means
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cultural imperialism paradigm must
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and on the right a threat to nation
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Villaumes study of the period betwe
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systematically sought to influence
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Through these conscious efforts, th
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Kryhl Jensen, 2009 Building partial
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content analysis focusing on change
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any kind. 147 Consequently, Schudso
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first president was Johan van der K
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only places for reporters' opinions
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Mancini, when discussing convergenc
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emphasis on scandals, conflicts, an
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―commercial pressures have intens
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"Only in imaginary experience (in t
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like the press and publishing, beca
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The discussion concerning agency ov
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―The Agenda-Setting Function of t
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De Vreese emphasizes that, ―frame
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symbolic level, key actors on both
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importance of Danish participation
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thereby support the politicians‘
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―The audience consisted of more t
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Vietnam War and domestic as well as
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Schröter, however, argues that des
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proponents of government regulation
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approach of United States in the 19
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―TV-stations in Europe are fully
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Conclusion This section has shown t
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part of the clickety-clack pressroo
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that the United States is still the
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VT71 with 24K) with cable-connected
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4. Symbolic Americanization Address
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4.1 Transmission ―Danes,‖ wrote
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statements which have been received
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As a part of Washington‘s conscio
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of the United States to attention d
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―Short of a trip to the United St
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that Danish journalists would appre
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from Danish journalists who had act
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Schlüter, ― could as of yet only
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enhanced the opportunity to get off
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Forum Service with splendid article
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―Had far ranging talk with Jens N
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eport more positively on the United
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The impressions gathered from trave
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Roll was happy to report in July 19
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4.2.2 The exchanged journalists The
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experience and their greater unders
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year.‖ Throughout the year, Krab-
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Moreover, Krab-Johansen‘s own eva
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university. This stipend, supported
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one thing only, from their interact
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Talese‘s style in his 1962 articl
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Despite the uncertainty of what act
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Knud Buchardt returned to theme of
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course in early 1985 he incorporate
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important examples of transmission,
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To Schierbeck the book describing W
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journalism was taking shape within
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the American ‗Investigative Repor
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ethical standards,‖ and the newsp
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The German journalist Günher Wallr
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the government with an eye to its r
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According to Voss and van der Brugg
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facts should speak for themselves.
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commercialization (or Americanizati
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and self-consciously diverges from
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three Danish and three American new
Page 169 and 170: in political campaigns. 522 To ensu
Page 171 and 172: Officin [Berlingske Printing House]
Page 173 and 174: First a comparison of 100 articles
Page 175 and 176: Based on the results described belo
Page 177 and 178: 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Issue news P
Page 179 and 180: 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Table 11 - Perc
Page 181 and 182: In relation to H1 the results betwe
Page 183 and 184: Like The New York Times, Los Angele
Page 185 and 186: 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Table 18 - P
Page 187 and 188: Yet, the relatively infrequent use
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Page 191 and 192: The publicly owned newspaper Berlin
Page 193 and 194: 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Soft N
Page 195 and 196: slight decline in the use of interp
Page 197 and 198: 25 20 15 10 5 0 Table 32 - Percenta
Page 199 and 200: instead of substance in election co
Page 201 and 202: memoirs. 563 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
Page 203 and 204: 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Descri
Page 205 and 206: 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Descriptive new
Page 207 and 208: with a reply in the article. Based
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Page 211 and 212: Based on the above results hypothes
Page 213 and 214: For Politiken the percentage of har
Page 215 and 216: newspapers goal to become a more se
Page 217 and 218: Ekstra Bladet though this developme
Page 219: Pundik had, for example, visited Th
Page 223 and 224: need for a more nuanced description
Page 225 and 226: striks among journalist‘s within
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Page 229 and 230: •British liberation •British in
Page 231 and 232: normative expectations and aspirati
Page 233 and 234: the years, and the documents that r
Page 235 and 236: Furthermore, studying American and
Page 237 and 238: detrimental to several American new
Page 239 and 240: 7. Conclusion Through archival and
Page 241 and 242: structural and symbolic Americaniza
Page 243 and 244: ———. On Television. Translate
Page 245 and 246: Døcker, Henrik. "Rejsen Til USA's
Page 247 and 248: Isager, Christine. "Skribenter Der
Page 249 and 250: Presse/Pressemeddelelser/2010/Novem
Page 251 and 252: Nielsen, Signe Højgaard, and Mathi
Page 253 and 254: ———. "Visit by Information Of
Page 255 and 256: ———. "Fyrre Indianere På Smu
Page 257 and 258: English Summary This dissertation e
Page 259 and 260: promote public debate, a key compon
Page 261 and 262: i Danmark, oparbejdelsen af personl
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