The Jeremiad Over Journalism

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―further a diverse selection of news and analysis of importance for the public debate in a democratic society.‖ 609 The whole underlying premise behind the Danish state‘s support of newspapers and other media, is that by partly subsidizing news media‘s production of debate, culture and general education the state can thereby ―regulate‖ citizens to consume more of these publicist values than would have been the case in a media market purely driven by commercial concerns. 610 Hallin and Mancini, writing about political journalism, refer to these regulatory differences as a European departure from American ―first amendment absolutism,‖ which holds the view, that media markets should not be regulated. The lack of a European equivalent of ―first amendment absolutism,‖ in the authors‘ view renders it likely, that ―electoral communication will continue to be more regulated in Europe‖ and thereby counteract the homogenization claimed to accompany Americanization. 611 Judging from Lund and Sepstrup‘s analysis as well as Hjarvard, Allern and Ørsten combined with the above content analysis, media subsidies do, nonetheless, play a part in maintaining external newspaper pluralism and also uphold publicist ideals in the Danish press thereby counteracting the less desirable developments accompanying the commercialization associated with the American media market. 612 6.1 “Weighing” American influence According to van Elteren, it is necessary for researchers of Americanization to ―weigh‖ American influence ―appropriately amidst other foreign influences of the domestic situation‖ and realize that ―incoming culture is not simply American but usually encompasses other cultural flows and 609 Lund and Sepstrup, "Udredning Af Den Fremtidige Offentlige Mediestøtte [A Report on the Future of State Media Subsidies]." Page 15-17. 610 Ibid. Page 18. 611 Hallin and Mancini, Comparing Media Systems. Three Models of Media and Politics. Page 283. 612 Lund and Sepstrup, "Udredning Af Den Fremtidige Offentlige Mediestøtte [A Report on the Future of State Media Subsidies]." See also Hjarvard, "Den Politiske Presse - En Analyse Af Danske Avisers Politiske Orientering [The Political Press: An Analysis of Political Parallelism in Danish Newspapers]." As well as Allern and Blach-Ørsten, "The News Media as A Political Institution: A Scandinavian Perspective." 226
orrowings.‖ 613 On the other hand, Kuisel reminds scholars that it is important not to mistake ―the subplot for the main narrative.‖ 614 In the case of Americanization of Danish journalism, it is obvious that the United States is not the only foreign influence affecting Danish journalistic practices. Sweden, Norway, Germany and Britain have also played significant roles in inspiring Danish journalists. In a broader cultural context, Sørensen and Petersen argue that, even though Denmark ―entered the American sphere in politics and economics‖ between 1945 and 1960, the cultural input into Danish society during this time primarily came from the United Kingdom. At the same time, America remained a distant dream for most Danes due to dollar-shortages, strict governmental regulations on trade, and lack of economic progress. 615 While an argument can be made that some of the impulses coming from Britain was simply Americanization by ―secondary appropriation,‖ there was undoubtedly a strong connection to Britain before Denmark entered NATO, and also in the early 1950‘s. The Danish membership in F.I.E.J., the later World Association of Newspapers in 1948, is also a testament to an increased international outlook which was initially led by Europeans. Additionally, it must be noted that Danish undercover journalism seems to have been greatly inspired by Walraff, while the policy on media subsidies has largely been inspired by Swedish, Norwegian, Dutch and New Zealander examples. 616 Moreover, the same year as Døcker described his trip to the United States to study technology, Danish journalists were shortly thereafter also afforded the opportunity to be part of a study tour to Japan to look at new technology. The November issue of Journalisten describes how journalists would have the opportunity to ―bring the latest experiences regarding Japanese newspapers utilization of communication- and production technology home.‖ 617 If one views Americanization of Danish journalism as a process of peaks and valleys, following Schröter‘s example, then a high point would be placed in the early 1950‘s, when the USIA reported 613 Elteren, Americanism and Americanization: A Critical History of Domestic and Global Influence. Page 164. 614 Kuisel, "Debating Americanization: The Case of France." Page 100. 615 Petersen and Sørensen, "Ameri-Danes and Pro-American Anti-Americans." Page 139-140. 616 Lund and Sepstrup, "Udredning Af Den Fremtidige Offentlige Mediestøtte [A Report on the Future of State Media Subsidies]." Page 104. 617 Journalisten, "Nordisk Studierejse Til Japans Nye Presseteknik [Nordic Study Tour to Japan's New Press Technology]." My translation. Original text reads, ―hente de seneste erfaringer om japanske avisers udnyttelse af moderne kommunikations- og produktionsteknik hjem..‖ 227
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1. Introduction The Jeremiad Over J
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Specifically this dissertation look
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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emphasizes moving from ―research
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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pre-condition for Americanization i
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devoted to their study. 31 Based on
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to correspond to, or even promote,
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―Americanization is a cousin to a
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abounds with references to American
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2.1.2 Assimilation The most promine
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experience as a visiting scholar in
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2.1.3 Power Asymmetry The most prev
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argues that Americanization is not
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The third wave of Americanization c
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view of Americanization which means
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cultural imperialism paradigm must
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and on the right a threat to nation
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Villaumes study of the period betwe
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systematically sought to influence
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Through these conscious efforts, th
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Kryhl Jensen, 2009 Building partial
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content analysis focusing on change
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any kind. 147 Consequently, Schudso
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first president was Johan van der K
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only places for reporters' opinions
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Mancini, when discussing convergenc
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emphasis on scandals, conflicts, an
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―commercial pressures have intens
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"Only in imaginary experience (in t
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like the press and publishing, beca
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The discussion concerning agency ov
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―The Agenda-Setting Function of t
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De Vreese emphasizes that, ―frame
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symbolic level, key actors on both
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importance of Danish participation
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thereby support the politicians‘
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―The audience consisted of more t
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Vietnam War and domestic as well as
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Schröter, however, argues that des
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proponents of government regulation
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approach of United States in the 19
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―TV-stations in Europe are fully
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Conclusion This section has shown t
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part of the clickety-clack pressroo
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that the United States is still the
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VT71 with 24K) with cable-connected
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4. Symbolic Americanization Address
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4.1 Transmission ―Danes,‖ wrote
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statements which have been received
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As a part of Washington‘s conscio
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of the United States to attention d
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―Short of a trip to the United St
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that Danish journalists would appre
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from Danish journalists who had act
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Schlüter, ― could as of yet only
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enhanced the opportunity to get off
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Forum Service with splendid article
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―Had far ranging talk with Jens N
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eport more positively on the United
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The impressions gathered from trave
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Roll was happy to report in July 19
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4.2.2 The exchanged journalists The
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experience and their greater unders
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year.‖ Throughout the year, Krab-
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Moreover, Krab-Johansen‘s own eva
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university. This stipend, supported
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one thing only, from their interact
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Talese‘s style in his 1962 articl
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Despite the uncertainty of what act
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Knud Buchardt returned to theme of
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course in early 1985 he incorporate
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important examples of transmission,
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To Schierbeck the book describing W
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journalism was taking shape within
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the American ‗Investigative Repor
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ethical standards,‖ and the newsp
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The German journalist Günher Wallr
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the government with an eye to its r
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According to Voss and van der Brugg
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facts should speak for themselves.
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commercialization (or Americanizati
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and self-consciously diverges from
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three Danish and three American new
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in political campaigns. 522 To ensu
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Officin [Berlingske Printing House]
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First a comparison of 100 articles
Page 175 and 176: Based on the results described belo
Page 177 and 178: 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Issue news P
Page 179 and 180: 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Table 11 - Perc
Page 181 and 182: In relation to H1 the results betwe
Page 183 and 184: Like The New York Times, Los Angele
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Page 187 and 188: Yet, the relatively infrequent use
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Page 193 and 194: 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Soft N
Page 195 and 196: slight decline in the use of interp
Page 197 and 198: 25 20 15 10 5 0 Table 32 - Percenta
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Page 203 and 204: 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Descri
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Page 207 and 208: with a reply in the article. Based
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Page 213 and 214: For Politiken the percentage of har
Page 215 and 216: newspapers goal to become a more se
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Page 225: striks among journalist‘s within
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Page 231 and 232: normative expectations and aspirati
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Page 235 and 236: Furthermore, studying American and
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Page 239 and 240: 7. Conclusion Through archival and
Page 241 and 242: structural and symbolic Americaniza
Page 243 and 244: ———. On Television. Translate
Page 245 and 246: Døcker, Henrik. "Rejsen Til USA's
Page 247 and 248: Isager, Christine. "Skribenter Der
Page 249 and 250: Presse/Pressemeddelelser/2010/Novem
Page 251 and 252: Nielsen, Signe Højgaard, and Mathi
Page 253 and 254: ———. "Visit by Information Of
Page 255 and 256: ———. "Fyrre Indianere På Smu
Page 257 and 258: English Summary This dissertation e
Page 259 and 260: promote public debate, a key compon
Page 261 and 262: i Danmark, oparbejdelsen af personl
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The Jeremiad Over Journalism

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