The Jeremiad Over Journalism

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6. Counterforces and Qualifications The process of Americanization is one described by Hallin and Mancini as an interplay between exogenous processes and endogenous development. 601 While there have clearly been external attempts to influence Danish journalism, most notably coming from the American Embassy in Copenhagen, the internal development within the Danish media market has also played a prominent role in the discussion of Americanization in Denmark. Some of the internal development has been shaped by the government‘s media policies, some by the journalistic institutions themselves and some by the individual journalist. Some have worked counter to Americanization and some has spurred it along. Direct media subsidies, the move away from the party press and the strong union organization are all developments unique to Danish media system which have little to do with influence from the United States. 602 We have seen how the Danish government‘s subsidy policy towards the newspapers is markedly different from the American espoused by FCC chairmanMark Fowler, and has helped the Danish press resist commercial pressure commonly associated with Americanization. We have followed the development of the party press from Henrik Cavling‘s derision of newspapers‘ political affiliation to the party press‘ demise in the late 1970‘s, a development which can be seen as a step towards an American model of ―objective‖ journalism. It is, however, important to note, as Hjarvard has done, that the Danish press is still tied to politicial ideologies just not as closely as it was in the 1970s. 603 Concerning union membership, the Danes has not felt that there was much to be gained from following an American or British example. In fact the Danish Union of Journalist‘s in 1979 more or less derided the American Newspaper Guild and the British National Union of Journalist‘s for not being better economically prepared for conflicts between workers and publicists. ―The two biggest union‘s within the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ), the American Newspaper Gulid and the British NUJ is threatened by economic ruin because of 601 Hallin and Mancini, Comparing Media Systems. Three Models of Media and Politics. Page 254-262. 602 Journalisten, "Har Strejket Sig Til Økonomisk Ruin [Have Striked Themselves to Economic Ruin]," Journalisten, June, 1979. Page 15. 603 Erik Lund, "Med Fyns Tidende Døde Den Sidste Rest Af Flerbladssystemet [with Fyns Tidende the Last Remnant of the Multipaper System Died]," Journalisten, September, 1979. Page 8. Lund describes the Danish multipaper-system, where every major city would have four different papers backing four different political parties as ―the Danish press‘ and the Danish democracy‘s hallmark.‖ See also Hjarvard, "Den Politiske Presse - En Analyse Af Danske Avisers Politiske Orientering [The Political Press: An Analysis of Political Parallelism in Danish Newspapers]." Page 51. 224
striks among journalist‘s within the past two years. Today the coffers are empty, both in New York and London (…) P.S. The Danish Union of Journalist‘s has less than 4.000 members and in their support is a guarenteed fund containing a double-digit amount of millions.‖ 604 Thus, developments unique to Danish society contribute to arresting Americanization; an observation which undermines the theory of cultural imperialism. On the other hand, developments like increase in foreign ownership of Danish media, the break of the Danish Broadcasting Service‘s monopoly and the influence of the internet have also served to shape the Danish media market internally and are connected to structural Americanization. 605 Yet, as previously noted, the most powerful force counteracting Americanization of Danish newsrooms is unquestionably the difference in the two media systems‘ relationship to media subsidies. The state is much more active in Denmark and spends approximately one billion dollars in direct and indirect media subsidies to uphold news production deemed important to the upholding the informational level for at well-functioning democracy. 606 In comparison the United States, a country with almost 55 times as many people, spends less than half the Danish amount (approximately 400 million dollars). 607 As mentioned in chapter 3, the Danish media subsidy is meant to provide a high quality supply of ―knowledge and culture dissemination along with significant societal information and debate of importance for a democratic society.‖ 608 The establishment of Dagspressens finansieringsinstitut (DFI) [The Press‘ Financing Institute] in 1970 was the first institutional recognition that the press was worthy of state subsidies and these subsidies were to be based on support to daily papers or publications within that genre, that could 604 Journalisten, "Har Strejket Sig Til Økonomisk Ruin [Have Striked Themselves into Economic Ruin]," Journalisten, June, 1979. Page 15. My translation. Original text reads, ―De to største forbund inden for International Federation of Journalists (IFJ), det amerikanske Newspaper Gulid og det britiske NUJ, er truet af økonomisk ruin på grund af arbejdsnedlæggelser blandt journalister indenfor de sidste to år. I dag er kassen tom, såvel i New York som i London (...) PS: Dansk Journalistsforbind har under 4.000 medlermmer, og i ryggen på dem står en sikringsfond, indeholdende et to-cifret millionbeløb.‖ 605 Hallin, "Not the End of Journalism History." 606 Lund and Sepstrup, "Udredning Af Den Fremtidige Offentlige Mediestøtte [A Report on the Future of State Media Subsidies]." Page 3. 607 Robert W. McChesney and John Nichols, The Death and Life of American Journalism (New York: Nation Books, 2010). Page 192. 608 Kulturministeriet, "Kommissorium for Udvalget Om Den Fremtidige Mediestøtte [Mandate for the Committee on the Future Media Subsidy]." Accessed November 27, 2010. My translation. Original text reads, ―Mediestøtten skal kunne bidrage til at sikre et mangfoldigt, alsidigt udbud af høj kvalitet til alle borgere i Danmark af formidling af viden og kultur samt væsentlig samfundsinformation og debat af betydning for et demokratisk samfund.‖ 225
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1. Introduction The Jeremiad Over J
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Specifically this dissertation look
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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emphasizes moving from ―research
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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pre-condition for Americanization i
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devoted to their study. 31 Based on
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to correspond to, or even promote,
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―Americanization is a cousin to a
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abounds with references to American
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2.1.2 Assimilation The most promine
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experience as a visiting scholar in
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2.1.3 Power Asymmetry The most prev
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argues that Americanization is not
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The third wave of Americanization c
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view of Americanization which means
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cultural imperialism paradigm must
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and on the right a threat to nation
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Villaumes study of the period betwe
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systematically sought to influence
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Through these conscious efforts, th
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Kryhl Jensen, 2009 Building partial
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content analysis focusing on change
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any kind. 147 Consequently, Schudso
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first president was Johan van der K
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only places for reporters' opinions
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Mancini, when discussing convergenc
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emphasis on scandals, conflicts, an
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―commercial pressures have intens
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"Only in imaginary experience (in t
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like the press and publishing, beca
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The discussion concerning agency ov
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―The Agenda-Setting Function of t
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De Vreese emphasizes that, ―frame
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symbolic level, key actors on both
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importance of Danish participation
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thereby support the politicians‘
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―The audience consisted of more t
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Vietnam War and domestic as well as
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Schröter, however, argues that des
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proponents of government regulation
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approach of United States in the 19
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―TV-stations in Europe are fully
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Conclusion This section has shown t
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part of the clickety-clack pressroo
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that the United States is still the
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VT71 with 24K) with cable-connected
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4. Symbolic Americanization Address
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4.1 Transmission ―Danes,‖ wrote
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statements which have been received
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As a part of Washington‘s conscio
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of the United States to attention d
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―Short of a trip to the United St
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that Danish journalists would appre
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from Danish journalists who had act
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Schlüter, ― could as of yet only
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enhanced the opportunity to get off
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Forum Service with splendid article
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―Had far ranging talk with Jens N
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eport more positively on the United
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The impressions gathered from trave
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Roll was happy to report in July 19
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4.2.2 The exchanged journalists The
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experience and their greater unders
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year.‖ Throughout the year, Krab-
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Moreover, Krab-Johansen‘s own eva
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university. This stipend, supported
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one thing only, from their interact
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Talese‘s style in his 1962 articl
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Despite the uncertainty of what act
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Knud Buchardt returned to theme of
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course in early 1985 he incorporate
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important examples of transmission,
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To Schierbeck the book describing W
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journalism was taking shape within
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the American ‗Investigative Repor
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ethical standards,‖ and the newsp
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The German journalist Günher Wallr
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the government with an eye to its r
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According to Voss and van der Brugg
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facts should speak for themselves.
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commercialization (or Americanizati
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and self-consciously diverges from
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three Danish and three American new
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in political campaigns. 522 To ensu
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Officin [Berlingske Printing House]
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Page 181 and 182: In relation to H1 the results betwe
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Page 187 and 188: Yet, the relatively infrequent use
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Page 239 and 240: 7. Conclusion Through archival and
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Page 243 and 244: ———. On Television. Translate
Page 245 and 246: Døcker, Henrik. "Rejsen Til USA's
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Page 249 and 250: Presse/Pressemeddelelser/2010/Novem
Page 251 and 252: Nielsen, Signe Højgaard, and Mathi
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Page 257 and 258: English Summary This dissertation e
Page 259 and 260: promote public debate, a key compon
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