The Jeremiad Over Journalism

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Vreese, Claes H. De. "Television Reporting of Second-Order Elections." Journalism Studies 4, no. 2 (2003): 183-98. Ward, Stephen J.A. The Invention of Journalism Ethics: The Path to Objectivity and Beyond. Edited by Philip J. Cercone, Mcgill-Queen's Studies in the History of Ideas. Montreal: McGill- Queen's University Press, 2004. Wien, Charlotte. "Defining Objectivity within Journalism. An Overview." Nordicom Review 26, no. 2 (2005). Williams, Francis. The American Invasion. New York: Crown, 1962. "World Press Institute Fellows 1971-1972." edited by World Press Institute: RG 59. General Records of the Department of State. Subject Numeric Files, 1970-73. Administration. PR International Commerce 1/1/70 - PR 11/3 5/20/73. Box 273., 1971. Ytzen, Flemming. "Journalistik Fra Den Tredje Verden Til Salg [Journalism from the Third World for Sale]." Journalisten, September 14, 1983. Aalberg, Toril, Peter van Aalst, and James Curran. "Media Systems and the Political Information Environment: A Cross-National Comparison." International Journal of Press/Politics 15, no. 3 (2010): 255-71. 256
English Summary This dissertation examines American influence on Danish journalism. Utilizing a three-pronged approach focused on transmission, transnationalization and appropriation of American products and practices, as well as a content analysis of selected newspapers, I attempt to answer one central question: How have structural and symbolic developments emanating from the United States influenced Danish journalism? Commercial influence is often argued to be a key component of Americanization of Danish journalism, one which leads to a focus on ―form‖ instead of ―substance,‖ but this study finds that these assumptions must be revisited and revised. The content analysis conducted here reveals that the effects of increased commercialization on news content are more complex than the ―form over substance‖ claim. Additionally the content analysis shows that Danish political reporting is characterized to a great extent by substantive journalistic content. Through an archival analysis utilizing historical methodology this dissertation additionally finds that in order to study the concept of Americanization meaningfully one must take sender, intermediary and receiver perspectives into account. The claim that Americanization is equivalent to cultural imperialism, a view that precludes the receiving nation‘s ability to reist outside influence, is dispelled. Through an analysis of previously classified documents from the American Embassy in Copenhagen, I demontrate that American officials, at the structural level, consciously sought to shape Danish strategic and economic policy. However, due to Greenland‘s strategic important location for American air bases, Danish leaders maintained room to maneuver politically. In economic terms, the results show that the Danish media market has become increasingly commercialized and deregulated, but that government subsidies and increased journalistic education have contributed to maintaining a multifarious and public service-oriented press. Additionally, the current study shows that Danish journalists were greatly impressed by technology invented in the United States and later adopted or adapted into Danish newsrooms. At the symbolic (or cultural) level, American Embassy officials systematically attempted to influence Danish journalists through free trips to the United States, public lectures, personal relationships and threats of denying interview requests when Danish reports on America were 257
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1. Introduction The Jeremiad Over J
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Specifically this dissertation look
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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emphasizes moving from ―research
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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pre-condition for Americanization i
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devoted to their study. 31 Based on
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to correspond to, or even promote,
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―Americanization is a cousin to a
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abounds with references to American
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2.1.2 Assimilation The most promine
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experience as a visiting scholar in
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2.1.3 Power Asymmetry The most prev
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argues that Americanization is not
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The third wave of Americanization c
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view of Americanization which means
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cultural imperialism paradigm must
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and on the right a threat to nation
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Villaumes study of the period betwe
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systematically sought to influence
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Through these conscious efforts, th
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Kryhl Jensen, 2009 Building partial
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content analysis focusing on change
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any kind. 147 Consequently, Schudso
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first president was Johan van der K
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only places for reporters' opinions
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Mancini, when discussing convergenc
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emphasis on scandals, conflicts, an
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―commercial pressures have intens
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"Only in imaginary experience (in t
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like the press and publishing, beca
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The discussion concerning agency ov
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―The Agenda-Setting Function of t
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De Vreese emphasizes that, ―frame
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symbolic level, key actors on both
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importance of Danish participation
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thereby support the politicians‘
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―The audience consisted of more t
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Vietnam War and domestic as well as
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Schröter, however, argues that des
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proponents of government regulation
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approach of United States in the 19
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―TV-stations in Europe are fully
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Conclusion This section has shown t
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part of the clickety-clack pressroo
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that the United States is still the
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VT71 with 24K) with cable-connected
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4. Symbolic Americanization Address
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4.1 Transmission ―Danes,‖ wrote
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statements which have been received
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As a part of Washington‘s conscio
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of the United States to attention d
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―Short of a trip to the United St
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that Danish journalists would appre
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from Danish journalists who had act
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Schlüter, ― could as of yet only
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enhanced the opportunity to get off
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Forum Service with splendid article
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―Had far ranging talk with Jens N
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eport more positively on the United
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The impressions gathered from trave
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Roll was happy to report in July 19
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4.2.2 The exchanged journalists The
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experience and their greater unders
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year.‖ Throughout the year, Krab-
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Moreover, Krab-Johansen‘s own eva
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university. This stipend, supported
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one thing only, from their interact
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Talese‘s style in his 1962 articl
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Despite the uncertainty of what act
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Knud Buchardt returned to theme of
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course in early 1985 he incorporate
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important examples of transmission,
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To Schierbeck the book describing W
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journalism was taking shape within
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the American ‗Investigative Repor
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ethical standards,‖ and the newsp
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The German journalist Günher Wallr
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the government with an eye to its r
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According to Voss and van der Brugg
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facts should speak for themselves.
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commercialization (or Americanizati
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and self-consciously diverges from
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three Danish and three American new
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in political campaigns. 522 To ensu
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Officin [Berlingske Printing House]
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First a comparison of 100 articles
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Based on the results described belo
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70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Issue news P
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60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Table 11 - Perc
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In relation to H1 the results betwe
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Like The New York Times, Los Angele
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70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Table 18 - P
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Yet, the relatively infrequent use
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ased on commercial pressure. Berlin
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The publicly owned newspaper Berlin
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90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Soft N
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slight decline in the use of interp
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25 20 15 10 5 0 Table 32 - Percenta
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instead of substance in election co
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memoirs. 563 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
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90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Descri
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Page 239 and 240: 7. Conclusion Through archival and
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Page 243 and 244: ———. On Television. Translate
Page 245 and 246: Døcker, Henrik. "Rejsen Til USA's
Page 247 and 248: Isager, Christine. "Skribenter Der
Page 249 and 250: Presse/Pressemeddelelser/2010/Novem
Page 251 and 252: Nielsen, Signe Højgaard, and Mathi
Page 253 and 254: ———. "Visit by Information Of
Page 255: ———. "Fyrre Indianere På Smu
Page 259 and 260: promote public debate, a key compon
Page 261 and 262: i Danmark, oparbejdelsen af personl
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