The Jeremiad Over Journalism

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perceived as unfair. This transmission of American influence was during the 1950s considered very successful by the American Embassy Officials as they could observe their news bulletins being picked up by the Danish press and at times also succeeded in publishing anti-communist material through Danish media outlets or political organizations. In terms of transnational initiatives, based on archival material from the Fulbright Commission and Denmark-America Foundation, the current dissertation finds that educational exchange between the United States and Denmark was extraordinarily successful in shaping more positive and nuanced views of the United States among the Danish journalists selected. Danish journalists found American journalistic education to be at a higher level than what they were offered at home; this education therefore impacted journalistic practices as well. Moreover, based on the Danish Union of Journalists‘ periodical Journalisten, this study concretely shows how the process of appropriation of journalistic methods like New Journalism and investigative reporting occurred during the 1970s and 1980s. Further, this section demonstrates that in terms of new journalistic styles, the United States was seen by Danish journalists as the place to look for the future of the profession. The results of the content analysis, based on 876 newspaper articles written during nine different Danish and American election periods, shows that selected Danish media outlets between 1971 and 2001 increased their coverage of political issues on the front page and moreover adopted a more balanced approach to political reporting. Hence, the hypothesis that Americanization leads to less focus on political substance finds little support in the present study. The practice of balancing opposing statements in political reporting is part of the journalistic ―objectivity ideal,‖ and as such lend support to the hypothesis that Danish political reporting has become more neutral since the break with the party press in the 1970‘s. The results of the present dissertation carry with them two practical implications. First, this dissertation shows that the concept of Americanization is more complex than commonly acknowledged, and therefore as a minimum must be analyzed from both a sender and receiver perspective. Second, the results of the content analysis indicate that Danish political journalists have been impacted less by commercial pressure than would otherwise be expected based on studies conducted in the United States. Direct and indirect Danish government subsidies to newspapers that 258
promote public debate, a key component for a democratic society, are here identified as one of the key variables that differentiate the American and Danish newspaper market. This difference in the two media systems‘ respective relationships to the state has recently led American media researchers to looks towards Scandinavia as a model to be emulated. This should serve as an argument for continued nurturance of the public service ideal that remains alive and well among Danish political journalists and publishers. 259
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1. Introduction The Jeremiad Over J
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Specifically this dissertation look
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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emphasizes moving from ―research
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Americanization of Danish journalis
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pre-condition for Americanization i
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devoted to their study. 31 Based on
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to correspond to, or even promote,
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―Americanization is a cousin to a
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abounds with references to American
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2.1.2 Assimilation The most promine
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experience as a visiting scholar in
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2.1.3 Power Asymmetry The most prev
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argues that Americanization is not
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The third wave of Americanization c
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view of Americanization which means
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cultural imperialism paradigm must
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and on the right a threat to nation
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Villaumes study of the period betwe
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systematically sought to influence
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Through these conscious efforts, th
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Kryhl Jensen, 2009 Building partial
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content analysis focusing on change
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any kind. 147 Consequently, Schudso
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first president was Johan van der K
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only places for reporters' opinions
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Mancini, when discussing convergenc
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emphasis on scandals, conflicts, an
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―commercial pressures have intens
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"Only in imaginary experience (in t
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like the press and publishing, beca
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The discussion concerning agency ov
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―The Agenda-Setting Function of t
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De Vreese emphasizes that, ―frame
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symbolic level, key actors on both
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importance of Danish participation
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thereby support the politicians‘
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―The audience consisted of more t
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Vietnam War and domestic as well as
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Schröter, however, argues that des
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proponents of government regulation
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approach of United States in the 19
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―TV-stations in Europe are fully
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Conclusion This section has shown t
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part of the clickety-clack pressroo
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that the United States is still the
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VT71 with 24K) with cable-connected
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4. Symbolic Americanization Address
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4.1 Transmission ―Danes,‖ wrote
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statements which have been received
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As a part of Washington‘s conscio
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of the United States to attention d
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―Short of a trip to the United St
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that Danish journalists would appre
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from Danish journalists who had act
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Schlüter, ― could as of yet only
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enhanced the opportunity to get off
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Forum Service with splendid article
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―Had far ranging talk with Jens N
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eport more positively on the United
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The impressions gathered from trave
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Roll was happy to report in July 19
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4.2.2 The exchanged journalists The
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experience and their greater unders
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year.‖ Throughout the year, Krab-
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Moreover, Krab-Johansen‘s own eva
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university. This stipend, supported
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one thing only, from their interact
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Talese‘s style in his 1962 articl
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Despite the uncertainty of what act
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Knud Buchardt returned to theme of
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course in early 1985 he incorporate
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important examples of transmission,
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To Schierbeck the book describing W
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journalism was taking shape within
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the American ‗Investigative Repor
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ethical standards,‖ and the newsp
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The German journalist Günher Wallr
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the government with an eye to its r
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According to Voss and van der Brugg
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facts should speak for themselves.
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commercialization (or Americanizati
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and self-consciously diverges from
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three Danish and three American new
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in political campaigns. 522 To ensu
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Officin [Berlingske Printing House]
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First a comparison of 100 articles
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Based on the results described belo
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70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Issue news P
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60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Table 11 - Perc
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In relation to H1 the results betwe
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Like The New York Times, Los Angele
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70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Table 18 - P
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Yet, the relatively infrequent use
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ased on commercial pressure. Berlin
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The publicly owned newspaper Berlin
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90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Soft N
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slight decline in the use of interp
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25 20 15 10 5 0 Table 32 - Percenta
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instead of substance in election co
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memoirs. 563 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
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90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Descri
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60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Descriptive new
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Page 215 and 216: newspapers goal to become a more se
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Page 221 and 222: that Politiken in 1971 adopts a pol
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Page 231 and 232: normative expectations and aspirati
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Page 235 and 236: Furthermore, studying American and
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Page 239 and 240: 7. Conclusion Through archival and
Page 241 and 242: structural and symbolic Americaniza
Page 243 and 244: ———. On Television. Translate
Page 245 and 246: Døcker, Henrik. "Rejsen Til USA's
Page 247 and 248: Isager, Christine. "Skribenter Der
Page 249 and 250: Presse/Pressemeddelelser/2010/Novem
Page 251 and 252: Nielsen, Signe Højgaard, and Mathi
Page 253 and 254: ———. "Visit by Information Of
Page 255 and 256: ———. "Fyrre Indianere På Smu
Page 257: English Summary This dissertation e
Page 261 and 262: i Danmark, oparbejdelsen af personl
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