The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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80 THE BRITISH ISLES. with it fogs, drizzling- raiu, or heavy showers. Storms are of frequent occurrence, and the number of shipwrecks is nowhere larger. The currents which meet at the Scilly Islands often carry vessels out of their true course, and during fogs cause them to run upon sunken rocks. It was here that, in 1707, the most disastrous shipwreck of modern times occurred. An entire fleet, commanded by Sir Cloudesley Shovel, was thrown upon the rocks, and two thousand human souls passed together Fig. 43. — The Scilly Islands. Scale 1 : 170,000. Depth under 26 Fathoms '26 to 64 Fathoms. — 2 Miles. Over 54 Fathoms. into eternity. An old saying will have it that out of every ten natives of the Scilly Islands nine perish in the sea ; but thanks to lighthouses, lightships, fog signals, life-boats, and a change in the mode of life of the inhabitants, this, happily, is no longer true. The Cornish peninsula is quite as much a land of mist and rain as are the Scilly Islands. The annual rainfall is nowhere less than 30 inches ; in most localities it exceeds 3 feet, and on the western slopes of Dartmoor it rises to
THE COENISH PENINSULA. 81 80 inches. At Tavistock it rains almost incessanth', showers accompanying the wind from whatever quarter it blows. Many geographers have identified the Scilly Islands with the Cassiterides of the ancients, simply because of their vicinity to the Cornish mines. But these granitic islands in reality contain only feeble (races of metal, while the rocks of the neighbouring mainland abound in underground treasures, which have certainly been explored from a period anterior to Caesar's expedition. Old mines dating back to that time can still be traced, and the detached, almost insular, rock masses of Cornwall are undoubtedly the Gilstrymnides or Cassiterides visited by the traders of Pha3nicia and Carthage. During the Roman epoch the tin of Cornwall was sent across Graul to Marseilles. The lodes of Cornwall are principally of copper and tin, sometimes sepa- rately, sometimes in combination. The richest lodes of tin have been discovered in the environs of Penzance, near the extremity of the peninsula, whilst the most productive copper mines are some distance inland, more especially around Redruth. There are a few mines which, after having ceased to j'ield one metal, are worked for the sake of the other. In some instances the ores are exceedingly rich, and near the coast may be seen rocks dyed green by an efHoreseence of copper ; but as a rule the Cornish ores are very poor, containing scarcely 2 per cent, of tin, or from 3 to 4 per cent, of copper. Their value depended altogether upon the scarcity of the metal they yielded, and since the discovery of rich ores in the United States, Bolivia, Australia, and the Sunda Islands, it has decreased very much. In their search after the precious ores the valiant miners of Corn- wall have sunk pits and excavated galleries which rank amongst the curiosities of England. Powerfvd pumping-engines have been brought into requisition to empty the mines of the water which invades them through fissures in the rocks. But in the case of mines many hundred fathoms in depth artificial means for raising the water do not suffice, and an adit conveys it directly to the sea. The underground workings in the mining districts of Gwennap and Redruth reach to a depth of 1,750 feet below the surface, the galleries extend 60 miles, the adit is 7 miles long, and sixty pumping-engines daily remove 100,000 tons of water, being at the rate of more than a ton every second. The timber buried in the mines of Cornwall is supposed to be equivalent to a pine forest a hundred years old, and covering 140 square miles. Botallack promontory, near Cape Cornwall, one of the most picturesque rocks on the coast, is more especially curious on account of the copper mine which is hidden in its bowels. Almost severed from the mainland by a wide fissure, that enormous block of rock, 200 feet in height, is reached by narrow bridges constructed at a giddy height. Spiral railways wind round its flanks, and its pinnacles terminate in smoking chimneys. The workings are continued for 1,200 feet under the bed of the Atlantic, and the miners can feebly hear the noise made by the pebbles rolling up and down the beach. In the neighbouring mine of Wheal Cock the lode has been followed to the verj' bed of the sea, and the hole • Carus, '-England and Scotland in ISU." *
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V >^ri,-. 5^^Xv%/-Stj* \: ^jf .A
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CONTENTS. I. General Features The B
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Diitish I
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U7. St. P.iuLs C'athf.dr.^l .... 1S
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i^5|SI«S' ^llrilillljlllil ! r- \
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2 THE BRITISH ISLES. by well-define
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4 THE BRITISH ISLES. In its general
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THE BEITISH ISLES. not without dang
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8 THE BEITISH ISLES. more minute su
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^'V
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10 THE BRITISH ISLE!?. affording ex
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12 THE BEITISH ISLES. chalk, this a
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14 THE BRITISH ISLES. Farther west
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16 THE BRITISH ISLE?. are to be pre
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IS THE BEITISn ISI.ES. In summer, w
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20 THE BRITISH ISLES winds are most
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22 THE BRITISH ISLES. The influence
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24 THE BEITISH ISLES. plants. The c
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26 THE BEITISH ISLES. stretclies. I
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28 THE BRITISH ISLES. songsters is
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30 THE BEITISH ISLES. habits. Of th
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32 THE BRITISH ISLES. southern port
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34 THE BRITISH ISLES. followed the
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36 TEE BEITISH ISLES. fluctuations
Page 62 and 63: 38 THE BEITISH ISLES. tions?* Engli
Page 64 and 65: 40 THE BPJTIsn KLES. thousand years
Page 66 and 67: 42 THE BEITISn ISLES. As men of com
Page 68 and 69: ii THE BRITISH ISLES. famous as cli
Page 70: CHArTER II. WALES AND MONMOUTHSHIRE
Page 73: M 1 k: 3
Page 76: 48 THE BEITISH ISLES. with"^e, and
Page 80 and 81: 50 THE BEITISH ISLES. 80 feet, are
Page 82 and 83: 52 THE BRITISH ISLES. surface featu
Page 84 and 85: 64 THE BRITISH ISLES. over the inha
Page 86 and 87: 56 THE BEITISH ISLES. education. Th
Page 88 and 89: 58 THE BEITISH ISLES. to extinction
Page 90 and 91: 60 THE BEIITSH ISLES. Mercia, in 79
Page 92: 62 THE BRITISH ISLES. the beautiful
Page 96 and 97: 64 THE BRITISH ISLES. Merionethshir
Page 98 and 99: 66 THE BEITISH ISLES. Noctown, high
Page 100 and 101: 68 THE BRITISH ISLES. Flemings, who
Page 102 and 103: 70 THE BRITISH ISLES. south, known
Page 104 and 105: 72 THE BEITISH ISLES. Wales contain
Page 106 and 107: 74 THE BEITISH ISLES. extent, but s
Page 108 and 109: 76 THE BRITISH ISLES. of the sea up
Page 110 and 111: 78 THE BEITISH ISLES. the cliffs, a
Page 114 and 115: 82 THE BEITISH ISLES. plugged up, t
Page 116 and 117: 84 THE BRITISH ISLES. Topography. C
Page 118 and 119: 8fi THE BRITISH ISLES. northern sid
Page 120 and 121: 88 THE BRITISH ISLES. rolled into t
Page 122: 90 THE BEITISU ISLES. above tier ou
Page 126 and 127: 92 THE BRITISH I^^LES. at the foot
Page 128: 94 TUli BEITLSn ISLES. modern build
Page 132 and 133: CHAPTER IV. THE BASIN OF THE SEA-EE
Page 134 and 135: 98 THE BBinSH ISLES. the Severn and
Page 136: 100 THE BEITISH ISLES. suddenness i
Page 139 and 140: SHEOPSHIEB. 101 activity, for whils
Page 141 and 142: SHEOPSHIRE. 103 Most of the antiqui
Page 143 and 144: WOECESTEESHIEE—WAEWICKSHIRE. 105
Page 147 and 148: WAEWICKSHTRE. 107 impoverished, was
Page 149 and 150: WARWICKSHIRE. ion Birmingham, the l
Page 151 and 152: GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Ill Its sbape is t
Page 153 and 154: GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 113 Xew Inn, an ol
Page 155 and 156: GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 115 Bristol is one
Page 157 and 158: GLOUCESTEESHIEE—HEEEFOEDSHIEE. 11
Page 159 and 160: SOMEESETSHIEE. 119 A small portion
Page 161 and 162: SOMERSETSHIRE. 121 tte church of St
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. where conflictin
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 125 is in realit
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 127 and clay, we
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THE CHAX>rEL SLOPE. 129 upon whose
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DORSETSHIRE. Ifjl communication by
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WILTSHIEE. 133 Salishury, the count
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^TLTSHIEE. 135 a seat of the Earl o
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HAMPSHIRE. 137 on the capacious bay
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^ J^" ^ «•.».. J^TT
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HAMPSHIEE. 139 ihe roadstead, are a
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SUSSEX. 141 the finest wheat and be
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SUSSEX. 143 way to tlie sea. A port
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SUSSEX. 145 Hastings, whose Scandin
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 147 Thames
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 149 regula
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 151 bouude
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OXPOEDSHIEE. 153 nei"-liboiiring co
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OXFORDSHIRE. 155 contain the univer
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BEEKBHIEE. 157 Thame, which was the
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BERKSHIEE. 159 than Eeadiug biscuit
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II t^^^ |fHl||!|l||H|l||J
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162 THE BEITISH ISLES. unequalled i
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164 THE BRITISH ISLES. Hitcliin and
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RYOFTHETHAMES
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166 TEE BRITISH ISLES. London has o
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168 THE BRITISH ISLES. case of a to
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170 the City and "Westminster becam
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172 THE BRITISH ISLES. in fertilisi
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m THE BETTISH ISLES. falls on Bagsl
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17G TIIK BRITISH ISLES. confusion ;
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178 THE BEITISH ISLES. quarters, al
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180 THE BRITISH ISLES. a desire of
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182 TIIE BRITISH ISLES. Of all the
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181 THE BRITISH ISLES. Chatham, Pit
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186 THE BRITISH ISLES. coldness, wh
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188 THE BRITISH ISLES. bridge acros
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190 THE BRITISH ISLES. irrespective
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192 THE BRITISH ISLES. with the gre
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194 THE BEITISH ISLES. fire-arms, m
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196 THE BRITISH ISLES. West India D
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198 THE BEITISH ISLES. drainao'e, t
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200 THE BRITISH ISLES. moorish trac
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202 THE BRITISH ISLES. those of Put
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204 THE BRITISH ISLES. up from Grav
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20fi THE BEITISH ISLES. gun-cotton
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208 " faults." THE BEITISH ISLES. "
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210 THE BRITISH ISLES. There are no
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CHAPTER VII. EAST ANGLIA. (Suffolk
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214 THE BRITISH ISLES. have now dec
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216 THE BEITISn ISLES. the town. Se
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218 TILE BETTISH ISLES. and mustard
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CHAPTER VIII. THE BASIN OF THE WASH
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222 THE BRITISH ISLES. residence of
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221 THE BEITISH ISLES. most of tlio
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22fi THE BRITISH ISLES. backs of th
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228 THE BEITISH ISLES. fen land. Th
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230 THE BRITISH ISLES much trade in
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232 THE BRITISH ISLES. dral, which
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234 THE BEITISn ISLES. north, and c
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236 THE BRITISH ISLES. The coast di
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! 288 THE BRITISH ISLES. the only t
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240 THE BRITISH ISLES. of Oiron, bu
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242 THE BRITISH ISLES. The best vie
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244 THE BRITISH ISLES. Wye, in a bl
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246 THE BRITISH ISLES. Netcark-iqMn
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248 THE BRITISH ISLES. pleasant wal
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250 THE BEITISH ISLES. dreariness.
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252 THE BRITISH ISLES. name, is pro
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TOEKSHIEE. 253 tion of iron vessels
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YOEKSHIEE. 255 prophetess of the si
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YORKSHIRE. 237 glass houses, chemic
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TOEKSHIEE. 259 critic. The battle o
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CHAPTER X. THE BASINS OF THE MERSEY
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CHESHIEB. 263 their city Beca, afte
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LANCASmKE. 265 which supplies a pro
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LANOASniEE. 267 The coast of Lancas
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LANCASHIRE. 269 in England ; the Ex
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LANCASHTEK. 271 down, between Rinic
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LAXCASHXRE. 273 extend for 5 miles
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LAJSrCASHIEE. 275 have been raised
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LANCASHIRE. 277 of some note, whils
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CHAPTER XI. THE XORTH OF EXGLAXD, T
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 281 The torre
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 283 accounts
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WESTMOEELAND. 285 drain an importan
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CUMBERLAND. 287 "Waver, is remarkab
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DUEHAM. 289 of lead pencils. The Bo
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DUEHAM. 291 The only place of note
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 293 The mouth of th
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NOETHUMBEELAND. 295 boundary, it is
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 297 mass of columna
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CHAPTER XII. THE ISLE OF MAN. HE Is
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THE ISLE OF MAN. 301 inhabitants is
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SOUTHEKX SC'OTLAXD. 303 which it en
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 3O5 wliicli term
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SOUTHEEN SCOTLAND. 307 of Lucerne i
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 309 geological f
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 311 Under the fi
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DUiEFRZES-KIRKCUDBRIGHT. 313 Topogr
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BUTE-LANAEKSniEE. 815 is spanned by
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LANARKSHIRE. 817 the principal quar
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EENFEEWSniEE. 319 otter engineers t
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DUMBABTONSHIEE. 821 rock encloses r
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BERWICKSHIEE. 323 is known as Tevio
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Rugl-BTOi try El-tni-a Tan
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HADDINGTON—EDINBURGH. 325 Hadding
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EDINBUEGH. 827 Science and Art, mod
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STIELINGSHIEE—CLACKMANNAN. 329 St
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FIFE. 8S1 of water, Locli Leven, on
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j engineers CHAPTER XIV. NORTHERN S
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NORTHERN SCOTLAND. 835 marine range
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I ^ or j streams I XOETHEEX SCOTLAX
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NORTHEEN SCOTLAND. 339 ward—a pro
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XOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 311 Along many p
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NOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 843 If we Includ
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NOETHEEX SCOTLAND. 345 \isited Scot
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ISLE OF SKYE-THE EILT EOCK.
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318 THE BEITISU ISLES. Head, on the
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850 THE BPJTISH ISLES. five die in
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352 THE BRITISH ISLES. find ourselv
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354 TUB BRITISH ISLES. whicli surro
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350 THE BRITISH ISLES. the use of S
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358 THE BEITISH ISLES. inhabitants
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360 THE BEITISH ISLES. The soldiers
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302 THE BElTISn ISLES. the heat and
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864 THE BRITISH ISLES. The river Ea
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8GG THE BEITISH ISLES, Broughty Fer
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3G8 THE BEITISH LSLES. which traver
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370 THE BRITISH ISLES. hamlet of Ca
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372 THE BRITISH ISLES. summit of Me
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374 THE BRITISH ISLES. Fortrose, wi
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37G THE BRITISH ISLES. Caithness fo
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AEGYLLSniEE. 377 Earl of Caithness)
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IRELAND. 879 More than once the for
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lUELANT). 381 The most elevated mou
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lEELAXD. 383 does the valley of the
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lEELAND. 385 rust which covers it.
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lEELAND. 887 for many geological ag
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IRELAND. 389 enlarging their area,
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IRELAND. 391 and Slieve Nakilla on
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ICELAND. 393 ttose numerous indenta
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IEEL.VXD. 395 tionally wet years it
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TYPICAL IKISH.
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898 THE BPJTISn ISLES. lumdred year
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400 THE BEITISn ISLES. was 5,293 sq
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402 THE BEITISH ISLES. monuments of
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•104 TRE BEITISH ISLES. schools w
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406 THE BEITISn ISLES. to ancient r
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408 TUE BEITISn ISLES. the wages wl
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410 THE BRITISH ISLES. Act of 1870
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BAY
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412 THE BEITISH ISLES. legitimate k
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414 TTIE CEITISn ISLES. and boundin
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41G THE BEITISn ISLES. county town,
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418 TliK UKlTISn SLES. Ulster.—Ul
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420 TllE BEITISH ISLES. seated at i
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422 THE UKITIsn ISLES. spanned by a
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424 THE BEITISH ISLES. century. Emy
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420 THE BRITISn ISLES. themselves i
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428 open Atlantic. THE BEITISH ISLE
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430 THE BEITISH ISLEi valley of the
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MUNSTEE. 431 Bantnj, at the head of
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MUNSTEE. 433 is a place of some ind
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MUNSTER. 435 British Islands by an
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STATISTICS OF THE UXITED EINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS or THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE LtNT:TED EIXGDOM.
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STATISTICS or THE UN-ITED KINGDOM.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EIXGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE LTSTITED KINGDOM.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINODOAT.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOil.
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CHAPTER XYII. GOVERKMENT AND ADMINI
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GOVEENMENT AND APMINISTEATION. 477
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GOYEEXMEXT AND ADMIXISTRATIOX. 479
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GOVEENMENT AND ADMINISTEATION. 481
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GOYEEXMENT AND ADMIXISTEATIOX. 483
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GOVEEXMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 485
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All towns of 2,500 inhabitants t Be
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NOETHAMPTOS NOKTHCMBER- LAXD . . Ar
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Worcester . Y0RK
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APPENDIX. 493
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APPENDIX. 495 Agricultueal Statisti
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APPENDIX. 497 Imports of Merchandis
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APPENDIX. 490 Imports and Exports a
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£02 APPENDIX. "\T:I.—STATISTICAL
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Abberley Hills, 104 Abbeyleix, 416
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.romvaril, 118 Broom, Loch, 342, 37
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Dunglow, 424 Dunham Massey, 265 Dun
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Kiiims. 337 Kainrsbiirgh. 315 Kaiit
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Muuh Wenluck, 103 Muich Dhui, Bun,
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SUvermine Mcimtains, 382 Sittingbou
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kliSi^W*!"**^'! IK*
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