The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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448 THE BEITLSH ISLES. has gone, and his place is filled by the agricultural labourer. Small estates are bein" swallowed up by large. The law of entail, which prevents numerous land- owners from selling or dividing their estates, no less than the universal tendency of landed j^roprietors to enlarge the boundaries of their domains, more than balances the small changes effected by these purchasers of small freehold plots. There are counties in which estates of middling extent have ceased to exist. The ancient manor-houses stand empty, or have been converted into farmsteads. In Dorsetshire, for instance, there are 129 rural parishes, out of a total of 252, •without a single resident landowner. The only portion of the British Islands in which the subdivision of the soil is carried to the same extent as in France is the Channel Islands, and there prosperity is universal. The vast estates carved out of the British Islands are naturally divided into farms, and most of these are far larger in extent than are the plots owned by the vast majority of continental peasant proprietors. The size of farms averages 56 acres in England, 57 in Scotland, and 26 in Ireland.* The tenure under which farmers hold their land varies considerably, and although leases are granted in numerous instances, and as a rule throughout Scotland, the bulk of the English farmers are tenants at will. Oftentimes, however, farmers remain on the same estate for generations, and in these cases the relations between landlord and tenant are not unlike those which existed between the Roman patrons and their clients. Not only does the landlord rest content with a small rent, but he expends a considerable portion of his income upon improvements, such as drainage works, labourers' cottages, and homesteads, t Within the last few years landlords of this class, in consideration of a succession of bad harvests, have voluntarily granted a reduction of rent. Nevertheless many farmers have given up their holdings in despair. In Ireland tenants virtually enjoy a fixity of tenure—subject, of course, to the payment of rent ; and outgoing tenants are entitled to compensation for any imexhausted improvements which they may have made. In proportion as estates grew large, so did the agricultural population deci'ease in numbers. If the census returns can be trusted In this respect, it fell from 2,084,150 in 1851 to 1,833,650 In 1861, and to 1,447,500 In 1871. Farming has almost become a manufacturing industry, and the steam applied to agricultural machinery of every description does more work than is performed by human hands. The labourers whose services have been superseded by this powerful agent join their brethren in the manufacturing and mining towns, or seek new homes across the ocean. No other country In Europe enjoys such advantages for the develop- ment of steam culture as the British Islands. Coal and iron are cheap and * Number and average size of farais : England and Wales Scotland Ireland — t De Laveleye, "Patria Bolgiea," tome ler. Number of Occupiers. 1S74.
STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 419 abundant, skilled artificers are numerous, and the nature of the soil and its distribution are favourable. Hence steam-ploughs are more numerous than in all the other countries of Europe together.* It is somewhat curious that notwithstanding the increase in grass land, the live stock of the United Kingdom should have decreased to a considerable extent within the last few years.f This decrease is solely due to the prevalence of cattle plague and other diseases. Ireland is far richer in cattle than the eastern island ; but although Great Britain has, proportionately to its population, fewer Fi? 221. DlSTRTEVTION OF CaTTT.E. CD \ '//ml! nnder25. 25to50. 60to75. 75 to luoto ]2Tto ion to Over 175. 100. 125. 160. 175. cows and oxen than many other countries of Europe, this deficiency is in a large measure compensated by superior weight and quality.^ No other country in * Steam-ploughs about 1876 :— British Isles, 2,000; Germany, 104; Austria-Hungary, 25; France, 14 ; Russia, 9 ; Eumania, 7 ; Italy, 3 ; total, 2,062. t Live stock of the British Islands (for further particulars see Appendix, p. 495) : 1868. 1S72. 1875. 1878. Horses ... — 2,715,307 2,790,887 2,899,066 Cattle .... 9,083,416 9,718,505 10,162,787 9,761,657 1880. 2,900,464 9,833,072 Sheep. . . . 35,607,812 32,246,642 33,491,948 32,571,922 30,180,411 Pigs .... 3,189,167 4,178,000 3,495,167 3,768,019 2,849,888 X Heads of horned cattle to 100 inhabitants :—In Great Britain, 20-3 ; Ireland, 74-3 ; France, 30-8 Holland, 39-5; Belgium, 23-6 ; Sweden, 47-1 ; Switzerland, 37-2; Denmark, 69-4, &c. —
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V >^ri,-. 5^^Xv%/-Stj* \: ^jf .A
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^\-.
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CONTENTS. I. General Features The B
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Diitish I
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U7. St. P.iuLs C'athf.dr.^l .... 1S
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i^5|SI«S' ^llrilillljlllil ! r- \
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2 THE BRITISH ISLES. by well-define
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4 THE BRITISH ISLES. In its general
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THE BEITISH ISLES. not without dang
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8 THE BEITISH ISLES. more minute su
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^'V
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10 THE BRITISH ISLE!?. affording ex
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12 THE BEITISH ISLES. chalk, this a
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14 THE BRITISH ISLES. Farther west
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16 THE BRITISH ISLE?. are to be pre
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IS THE BEITISn ISI.ES. In summer, w
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20 THE BRITISH ISLES winds are most
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22 THE BRITISH ISLES. The influence
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24 THE BEITISH ISLES. plants. The c
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26 THE BEITISH ISLES. stretclies. I
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28 THE BRITISH ISLES. songsters is
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30 THE BEITISH ISLES. habits. Of th
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32 THE BRITISH ISLES. southern port
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34 THE BRITISH ISLES. followed the
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36 TEE BEITISH ISLES. fluctuations
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38 THE BEITISH ISLES. tions?* Engli
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40 THE BPJTIsn KLES. thousand years
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42 THE BEITISn ISLES. As men of com
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ii THE BRITISH ISLES. famous as cli
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CHArTER II. WALES AND MONMOUTHSHIRE
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M 1 k: 3
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48 THE BEITISH ISLES. with"^e, and
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50 THE BEITISH ISLES. 80 feet, are
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52 THE BRITISH ISLES. surface featu
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. over the inha
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56 THE BEITISH ISLES. education. Th
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58 THE BEITISH ISLES. to extinction
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60 THE BEIITSH ISLES. Mercia, in 79
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62 THE BRITISH ISLES. the beautiful
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. Merionethshir
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66 THE BEITISH ISLES. Noctown, high
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68 THE BRITISH ISLES. Flemings, who
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70 THE BRITISH ISLES. south, known
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72 THE BEITISH ISLES. Wales contain
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74 THE BEITISH ISLES. extent, but s
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76 THE BRITISH ISLES. of the sea up
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78 THE BEITISH ISLES. the cliffs, a
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80 THE BRITISH ISLES. with it fogs,
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82 THE BEITISH ISLES. plugged up, t
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84 THE BRITISH ISLES. Topography. C
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8fi THE BRITISH ISLES. northern sid
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88 THE BRITISH ISLES. rolled into t
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90 THE BEITISU ISLES. above tier ou
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92 THE BRITISH I^^LES. at the foot
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94 TUli BEITLSn ISLES. modern build
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CHAPTER IV. THE BASIN OF THE SEA-EE
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98 THE BBinSH ISLES. the Severn and
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100 THE BEITISH ISLES. suddenness i
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SHEOPSHIEB. 101 activity, for whils
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SHEOPSHIRE. 103 Most of the antiqui
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WOECESTEESHIEE—WAEWICKSHIRE. 105
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WAEWICKSHTRE. 107 impoverished, was
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WARWICKSHIRE. ion Birmingham, the l
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Ill Its sbape is t
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 113 Xew Inn, an ol
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 115 Bristol is one
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GLOUCESTEESHIEE—HEEEFOEDSHIEE. 11
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SOMEESETSHIEE. 119 A small portion
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SOMERSETSHIRE. 121 tte church of St
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. where conflictin
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 125 is in realit
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 127 and clay, we
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THE CHAX>rEL SLOPE. 129 upon whose
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DORSETSHIRE. Ifjl communication by
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WILTSHIEE. 133 Salishury, the count
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^TLTSHIEE. 135 a seat of the Earl o
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HAMPSHIRE. 137 on the capacious bay
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^ J^" ^ «•.».. J^TT
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HAMPSHIEE. 139 ihe roadstead, are a
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SUSSEX. 141 the finest wheat and be
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SUSSEX. 143 way to tlie sea. A port
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SUSSEX. 145 Hastings, whose Scandin
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 147 Thames
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 149 regula
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 151 bouude
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OXPOEDSHIEE. 153 nei"-liboiiring co
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OXFORDSHIRE. 155 contain the univer
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BEEKBHIEE. 157 Thame, which was the
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BERKSHIEE. 159 than Eeadiug biscuit
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II t^^^ |fHl||!|l||H|l||J
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162 THE BEITISH ISLES. unequalled i
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164 THE BRITISH ISLES. Hitcliin and
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RYOFTHETHAMES
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166 TEE BRITISH ISLES. London has o
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168 THE BRITISH ISLES. case of a to
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170 the City and "Westminster becam
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172 THE BRITISH ISLES. in fertilisi
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m THE BETTISH ISLES. falls on Bagsl
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17G TIIK BRITISH ISLES. confusion ;
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178 THE BEITISH ISLES. quarters, al
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180 THE BRITISH ISLES. a desire of
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182 TIIE BRITISH ISLES. Of all the
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181 THE BRITISH ISLES. Chatham, Pit
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186 THE BRITISH ISLES. coldness, wh
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188 THE BRITISH ISLES. bridge acros
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190 THE BRITISH ISLES. irrespective
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192 THE BRITISH ISLES. with the gre
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194 THE BEITISH ISLES. fire-arms, m
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196 THE BRITISH ISLES. West India D
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198 THE BEITISH ISLES. drainao'e, t
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200 THE BRITISH ISLES. moorish trac
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202 THE BRITISH ISLES. those of Put
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204 THE BRITISH ISLES. up from Grav
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20fi THE BEITISH ISLES. gun-cotton
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208 " faults." THE BEITISH ISLES. "
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210 THE BRITISH ISLES. There are no
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CHAPTER VII. EAST ANGLIA. (Suffolk
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214 THE BRITISH ISLES. have now dec
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216 THE BEITISn ISLES. the town. Se
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218 TILE BETTISH ISLES. and mustard
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CHAPTER VIII. THE BASIN OF THE WASH
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222 THE BRITISH ISLES. residence of
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221 THE BEITISH ISLES. most of tlio
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22fi THE BRITISH ISLES. backs of th
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228 THE BEITISH ISLES. fen land. Th
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230 THE BRITISH ISLES much trade in
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232 THE BRITISH ISLES. dral, which
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234 THE BEITISn ISLES. north, and c
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236 THE BRITISH ISLES. The coast di
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! 288 THE BRITISH ISLES. the only t
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240 THE BRITISH ISLES. of Oiron, bu
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242 THE BRITISH ISLES. The best vie
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244 THE BRITISH ISLES. Wye, in a bl
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246 THE BRITISH ISLES. Netcark-iqMn
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248 THE BRITISH ISLES. pleasant wal
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250 THE BEITISH ISLES. dreariness.
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252 THE BRITISH ISLES. name, is pro
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TOEKSHIEE. 253 tion of iron vessels
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YOEKSHIEE. 255 prophetess of the si
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YORKSHIRE. 237 glass houses, chemic
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TOEKSHIEE. 259 critic. The battle o
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CHAPTER X. THE BASINS OF THE MERSEY
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CHESHIEB. 263 their city Beca, afte
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LANCASmKE. 265 which supplies a pro
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LANOASniEE. 267 The coast of Lancas
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LANCASHIRE. 269 in England ; the Ex
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LANCASHTEK. 271 down, between Rinic
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LAXCASHXRE. 273 extend for 5 miles
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LAJSrCASHIEE. 275 have been raised
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LANCASHIRE. 277 of some note, whils
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CHAPTER XI. THE XORTH OF EXGLAXD, T
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 281 The torre
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 283 accounts
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WESTMOEELAND. 285 drain an importan
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CUMBERLAND. 287 "Waver, is remarkab
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DUEHAM. 289 of lead pencils. The Bo
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DUEHAM. 291 The only place of note
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 293 The mouth of th
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NOETHUMBEELAND. 295 boundary, it is
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 297 mass of columna
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CHAPTER XII. THE ISLE OF MAN. HE Is
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THE ISLE OF MAN. 301 inhabitants is
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SOUTHEKX SC'OTLAXD. 303 which it en
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 3O5 wliicli term
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SOUTHEEN SCOTLAND. 307 of Lucerne i
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 309 geological f
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 311 Under the fi
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DUiEFRZES-KIRKCUDBRIGHT. 313 Topogr
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BUTE-LANAEKSniEE. 815 is spanned by
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LANARKSHIRE. 817 the principal quar
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EENFEEWSniEE. 319 otter engineers t
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DUMBABTONSHIEE. 821 rock encloses r
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BERWICKSHIEE. 323 is known as Tevio
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Rugl-BTOi try El-tni-a Tan
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HADDINGTON—EDINBURGH. 325 Hadding
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EDINBUEGH. 827 Science and Art, mod
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STIELINGSHIEE—CLACKMANNAN. 329 St
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FIFE. 8S1 of water, Locli Leven, on
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j engineers CHAPTER XIV. NORTHERN S
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NORTHERN SCOTLAND. 835 marine range
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I ^ or j streams I XOETHEEX SCOTLAX
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NORTHEEN SCOTLAND. 339 ward—a pro
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XOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 311 Along many p
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NOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 843 If we Includ
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NOETHEEX SCOTLAND. 345 \isited Scot
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ISLE OF SKYE-THE EILT EOCK.
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318 THE BEITISU ISLES. Head, on the
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850 THE BPJTISH ISLES. five die in
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352 THE BRITISH ISLES. find ourselv
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354 TUB BRITISH ISLES. whicli surro
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350 THE BRITISH ISLES. the use of S
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358 THE BEITISH ISLES. inhabitants
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360 THE BEITISH ISLES. The soldiers
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302 THE BElTISn ISLES. the heat and
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864 THE BRITISH ISLES. The river Ea
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8GG THE BEITISH ISLES, Broughty Fer
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3G8 THE BEITISH LSLES. which traver
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370 THE BRITISH ISLES. hamlet of Ca
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372 THE BRITISH ISLES. summit of Me
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374 THE BRITISH ISLES. Fortrose, wi
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37G THE BRITISH ISLES. Caithness fo
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AEGYLLSniEE. 377 Earl of Caithness)
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IRELAND. 879 More than once the for
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lUELANT). 381 The most elevated mou
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lEELAXD. 383 does the valley of the
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lEELAND. 385 rust which covers it.
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lEELAND. 887 for many geological ag
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IRELAND. 389 enlarging their area,
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IRELAND. 391 and Slieve Nakilla on
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ICELAND. 393 ttose numerous indenta
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IEEL.VXD. 395 tionally wet years it
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TYPICAL IKISH.
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898 THE BPJTISn ISLES. lumdred year
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400 THE BEITISn ISLES. was 5,293 sq
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402 THE BEITISH ISLES. monuments of
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•104 TRE BEITISH ISLES. schools w
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406 THE BEITISn ISLES. to ancient r
Page 510 and 511: 408 TUE BEITISn ISLES. the wages wl
Page 512: 410 THE BRITISH ISLES. Act of 1870
Page 515: BAY
Page 518 and 519: 412 THE BEITISH ISLES. legitimate k
Page 520 and 521: 414 TTIE CEITISn ISLES. and boundin
Page 522 and 523: 41G THE BEITISn ISLES. county town,
Page 524 and 525: 418 TliK UKlTISn SLES. Ulster.—Ul
Page 526 and 527: 420 TllE BEITISH ISLES. seated at i
Page 528 and 529: 422 THE UKITIsn ISLES. spanned by a
Page 530 and 531: 424 THE BEITISH ISLES. century. Emy
Page 532 and 533: 420 THE BRITISn ISLES. themselves i
Page 534: 428 open Atlantic. THE BEITISH ISLE
Page 538: 430 THE BEITISH ISLEi valley of the
Page 543 and 544: MUNSTEE. 431 Bantnj, at the head of
Page 545 and 546: MUNSTEE. 433 is a place of some ind
Page 547 and 548: MUNSTER. 435 British Islands by an
Page 549 and 550: STATISTICS OF THE UXITED EINGDOM. 4
Page 551 and 552: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
Page 555 and 556: STATISTICS or THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
Page 557 and 558: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOM. 4
Page 559: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
Page 563 and 564: STATISTICS OF THE LtNT:TED EIXGDOM.
Page 565 and 566: STATISTICS or THE UN-ITED KINGDOM.
Page 569 and 570: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EIXGDOM. 4
Page 573 and 574: STATISTICS OF THE LTSTITED KINGDOM.
Page 575 and 576: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EINGDOM. 4
Page 577 and 578: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINODOAT.
Page 583 and 584: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOil.
Page 587 and 588: CHAPTER XYII. GOVERKMENT AND ADMINI
Page 589 and 590: GOVEENMENT AND APMINISTEATION. 477
Page 591 and 592: GOYEEXMEXT AND ADMIXISTRATIOX. 479
Page 593 and 594: GOVEENMENT AND ADMINISTEATION. 481
Page 595 and 596: GOYEEXMENT AND ADMIXISTEATIOX. 483
Page 597 and 598: GOVEEXMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 485
Page 599 and 600: All towns of 2,500 inhabitants t Be
Page 601 and 602: NOETHAMPTOS NOKTHCMBER- LAXD . . Ar
Page 603 and 604: Worcester . Y0RK
Page 605 and 606: APPENDIX. 493
Page 607 and 608: APPENDIX. 495 Agricultueal Statisti
Page 609 and 610: APPENDIX. 497 Imports of Merchandis
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APPENDIX. 490 Imports and Exports a
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£02 APPENDIX. "\T:I.—STATISTICAL
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Abberley Hills, 104 Abbeyleix, 416
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.romvaril, 118 Broom, Loch, 342, 37
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Dunglow, 424 Dunham Massey, 265 Dun
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Kiiims. 337 Kainrsbiirgh. 315 Kaiit
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Muuh Wenluck, 103 Muich Dhui, Bun,
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SUvermine Mcimtains, 382 Sittingbou
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kliSi^W*!"**^'! IK*
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