The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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890 TIIE BRITISH ISLES. mineralisation, and the peat found here and there almost resembles lignite. They contain also the trunks of trees, knovm as bog-wood or black oak, from their ebony colour, which is due to an impregnation with iron. Some of these trunks dug up from the peat bogs have become so flexible in the course of their long immersion that they can be cut into straps and twisted into ropes. Formerly the peasants wove them into coarse nets, upon which they suspended their beds. Mr. Kinahan is of opinion that, to judge from the layer of bog which covered them, the trunks of oak dug up at CastleconneU, near the Shannon, must have been buried at least fifteen hundred years. The red bogs, owing to their position on the hillsides, are far less himiid than the black ones, and for the most part clothed vrith patches of heath. Most of the mountains of Ireland are covered with bog from the foot to the summit ; even rocky precipices have every vantage-point occupied by patches of bright bog, presenting the appearance of hanging gardens. We may wander for days through the hills without ever quitting these red bogs, now and then alternating with quagmires. In several counties the hills seem to rise like islands above the vast expanse of black bog surrounding them. The peasants say that the wanderer in these deserts may chance to pick up a " hunger herb," in which case he runs a great risk of dying of exhaustion ; but thej" ascribe to the influence of a mysterious plant what in their state of poverty may often happen from sheer want. The bogs and lakes scattered broadcast over the country store up an immense quantity of water ; but so considerable is the amount of rain that they are able to feed numerous rivers in addition. The water of many of these rivers is stained black with particles of humus ; and several amongst them, including that which enters Youghal Harbour on the south coast, are known as " Black- water." Indeed, the rivers of Ireland might be classified into white and black, as are those of the basin of the Amazonas, according to whether their waters contain tannin or not. All those which have a long course through bogs are of a darkish hue, but several purify themselves in their passage through large lakes. The streams which traverse the great limestone plain resemble chains of lakes rather than rivers. The normal rivers of Ireland, those which have filled up the ancient lake basins of their valleys, rise at a considerable elevation, and slope down rapidly and regularly to their mouth. Amongst such is the Barrow, which, after its junction with the Nore and Suir, falls into "Waterford Harbour. Such also are the Lee and Blackwater in the south, the Slaney and Lifiey in the east. Even the Boyne, though rising In a region of swamps, has drained the ancient lakes which formerly occupied its basin. The Foyle, in the north, is also one of the rivers whose regimen has become regulated, whilst the Bann only traverses a single lake, Lough Neagh. Very striking is the contrast between rivers such as these, and those which traverse the plain, .sluggishly wandering from lake to lake. Among these latter are the rivers that drain the lakes of Connaught—the Erne, which is a lake-like expansion for the greater part of its course, and the Shannon, the most considerable river of all Ireland. The Owenmore, which drains the vallev Iving between Cuilcagh on the north
IRELAND. 391 and Slieve Nakilla on the south, and which flows into the head of Louo-h Allen, is the real head-stream of the Shannon, but popular tradition looks upon the Shannon Pot as the veritable source. This is a copious fountain rising in a limestone caldron, and fed bj* a subterranean channel which connects it with a lough at the base of Tiltibane. Scarcely formed, the river is lost in Lough Allen Fig. 197. — Upper Lough Ekxe. Scale 1 : 200,000. '-^ .0' V/.ofGr. Jie'Wf OwTii T)\itlej'-' . -:-- r:-) (160 feet above the sea), and thence to its mouth, for a distance of 209 miles, the Shannon is navigable. On issiung from Lough Allen the river flows sluggishly for 80 miles over the central plain, passing through Lough Eee (122 feet) and Lough Derg (108 feet), when it enters the gorge of Killaloe, separating Slieve Bernagh from Slieve Arra, and with a rapid fall reaches Limerick, where it becomes a tidal river. We may fairly ask how it happens
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V >^ri,-. 5^^Xv%/-Stj* \: ^jf .A
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CONTENTS. I. General Features The B
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Diitish I
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U7. St. P.iuLs C'athf.dr.^l .... 1S
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i^5|SI«S' ^llrilillljlllil ! r- \
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2 THE BRITISH ISLES. by well-define
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4 THE BRITISH ISLES. In its general
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THE BEITISH ISLES. not without dang
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8 THE BEITISH ISLES. more minute su
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^'V
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10 THE BRITISH ISLE!?. affording ex
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12 THE BEITISH ISLES. chalk, this a
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14 THE BRITISH ISLES. Farther west
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16 THE BRITISH ISLE?. are to be pre
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IS THE BEITISn ISI.ES. In summer, w
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20 THE BRITISH ISLES winds are most
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22 THE BRITISH ISLES. The influence
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24 THE BEITISH ISLES. plants. The c
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26 THE BEITISH ISLES. stretclies. I
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28 THE BRITISH ISLES. songsters is
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30 THE BEITISH ISLES. habits. Of th
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32 THE BRITISH ISLES. southern port
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34 THE BRITISH ISLES. followed the
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36 TEE BEITISH ISLES. fluctuations
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38 THE BEITISH ISLES. tions?* Engli
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40 THE BPJTIsn KLES. thousand years
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42 THE BEITISn ISLES. As men of com
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ii THE BRITISH ISLES. famous as cli
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CHArTER II. WALES AND MONMOUTHSHIRE
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M 1 k: 3
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48 THE BEITISH ISLES. with"^e, and
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50 THE BEITISH ISLES. 80 feet, are
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52 THE BRITISH ISLES. surface featu
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. over the inha
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56 THE BEITISH ISLES. education. Th
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58 THE BEITISH ISLES. to extinction
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60 THE BEIITSH ISLES. Mercia, in 79
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62 THE BRITISH ISLES. the beautiful
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. Merionethshir
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66 THE BEITISH ISLES. Noctown, high
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68 THE BRITISH ISLES. Flemings, who
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70 THE BRITISH ISLES. south, known
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72 THE BEITISH ISLES. Wales contain
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74 THE BEITISH ISLES. extent, but s
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76 THE BRITISH ISLES. of the sea up
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78 THE BEITISH ISLES. the cliffs, a
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80 THE BRITISH ISLES. with it fogs,
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82 THE BEITISH ISLES. plugged up, t
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84 THE BRITISH ISLES. Topography. C
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8fi THE BRITISH ISLES. northern sid
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88 THE BRITISH ISLES. rolled into t
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90 THE BEITISU ISLES. above tier ou
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92 THE BRITISH I^^LES. at the foot
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94 TUli BEITLSn ISLES. modern build
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CHAPTER IV. THE BASIN OF THE SEA-EE
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98 THE BBinSH ISLES. the Severn and
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100 THE BEITISH ISLES. suddenness i
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SHEOPSHIEB. 101 activity, for whils
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SHEOPSHIRE. 103 Most of the antiqui
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WOECESTEESHIEE—WAEWICKSHIRE. 105
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WAEWICKSHTRE. 107 impoverished, was
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WARWICKSHIRE. ion Birmingham, the l
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Ill Its sbape is t
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 113 Xew Inn, an ol
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 115 Bristol is one
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GLOUCESTEESHIEE—HEEEFOEDSHIEE. 11
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SOMEESETSHIEE. 119 A small portion
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SOMERSETSHIRE. 121 tte church of St
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. where conflictin
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 125 is in realit
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 127 and clay, we
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THE CHAX>rEL SLOPE. 129 upon whose
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DORSETSHIRE. Ifjl communication by
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WILTSHIEE. 133 Salishury, the count
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^TLTSHIEE. 135 a seat of the Earl o
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HAMPSHIRE. 137 on the capacious bay
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^ J^" ^ «•.».. J^TT
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HAMPSHIEE. 139 ihe roadstead, are a
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SUSSEX. 141 the finest wheat and be
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SUSSEX. 143 way to tlie sea. A port
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SUSSEX. 145 Hastings, whose Scandin
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 147 Thames
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 149 regula
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 151 bouude
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OXPOEDSHIEE. 153 nei"-liboiiring co
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OXFORDSHIRE. 155 contain the univer
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BEEKBHIEE. 157 Thame, which was the
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BERKSHIEE. 159 than Eeadiug biscuit
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II t^^^ |fHl||!|l||H|l||J
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162 THE BEITISH ISLES. unequalled i
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164 THE BRITISH ISLES. Hitcliin and
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RYOFTHETHAMES
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166 TEE BRITISH ISLES. London has o
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168 THE BRITISH ISLES. case of a to
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170 the City and "Westminster becam
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172 THE BRITISH ISLES. in fertilisi
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m THE BETTISH ISLES. falls on Bagsl
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17G TIIK BRITISH ISLES. confusion ;
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178 THE BEITISH ISLES. quarters, al
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180 THE BRITISH ISLES. a desire of
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182 TIIE BRITISH ISLES. Of all the
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181 THE BRITISH ISLES. Chatham, Pit
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186 THE BRITISH ISLES. coldness, wh
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188 THE BRITISH ISLES. bridge acros
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190 THE BRITISH ISLES. irrespective
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192 THE BRITISH ISLES. with the gre
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194 THE BEITISH ISLES. fire-arms, m
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196 THE BRITISH ISLES. West India D
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198 THE BEITISH ISLES. drainao'e, t
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200 THE BRITISH ISLES. moorish trac
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202 THE BRITISH ISLES. those of Put
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204 THE BRITISH ISLES. up from Grav
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20fi THE BEITISH ISLES. gun-cotton
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208 " faults." THE BEITISH ISLES. "
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210 THE BRITISH ISLES. There are no
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CHAPTER VII. EAST ANGLIA. (Suffolk
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214 THE BRITISH ISLES. have now dec
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216 THE BEITISn ISLES. the town. Se
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218 TILE BETTISH ISLES. and mustard
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CHAPTER VIII. THE BASIN OF THE WASH
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222 THE BRITISH ISLES. residence of
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221 THE BEITISH ISLES. most of tlio
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22fi THE BRITISH ISLES. backs of th
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228 THE BEITISH ISLES. fen land. Th
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230 THE BRITISH ISLES much trade in
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232 THE BRITISH ISLES. dral, which
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234 THE BEITISn ISLES. north, and c
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236 THE BRITISH ISLES. The coast di
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! 288 THE BRITISH ISLES. the only t
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240 THE BRITISH ISLES. of Oiron, bu
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242 THE BRITISH ISLES. The best vie
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244 THE BRITISH ISLES. Wye, in a bl
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246 THE BRITISH ISLES. Netcark-iqMn
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248 THE BRITISH ISLES. pleasant wal
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250 THE BEITISH ISLES. dreariness.
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252 THE BRITISH ISLES. name, is pro
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TOEKSHIEE. 253 tion of iron vessels
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YOEKSHIEE. 255 prophetess of the si
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YORKSHIRE. 237 glass houses, chemic
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TOEKSHIEE. 259 critic. The battle o
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CHAPTER X. THE BASINS OF THE MERSEY
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CHESHIEB. 263 their city Beca, afte
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LANCASmKE. 265 which supplies a pro
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LANOASniEE. 267 The coast of Lancas
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LANCASHIRE. 269 in England ; the Ex
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LANCASHTEK. 271 down, between Rinic
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LAXCASHXRE. 273 extend for 5 miles
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LAJSrCASHIEE. 275 have been raised
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LANCASHIRE. 277 of some note, whils
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CHAPTER XI. THE XORTH OF EXGLAXD, T
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 281 The torre
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 283 accounts
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WESTMOEELAND. 285 drain an importan
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CUMBERLAND. 287 "Waver, is remarkab
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DUEHAM. 289 of lead pencils. The Bo
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DUEHAM. 291 The only place of note
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 293 The mouth of th
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NOETHUMBEELAND. 295 boundary, it is
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 297 mass of columna
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CHAPTER XII. THE ISLE OF MAN. HE Is
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THE ISLE OF MAN. 301 inhabitants is
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SOUTHEKX SC'OTLAXD. 303 which it en
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 3O5 wliicli term
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SOUTHEEN SCOTLAND. 307 of Lucerne i
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 309 geological f
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 311 Under the fi
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DUiEFRZES-KIRKCUDBRIGHT. 313 Topogr
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BUTE-LANAEKSniEE. 815 is spanned by
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LANARKSHIRE. 817 the principal quar
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EENFEEWSniEE. 319 otter engineers t
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DUMBABTONSHIEE. 821 rock encloses r
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BERWICKSHIEE. 323 is known as Tevio
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Rugl-BTOi try El-tni-a Tan
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HADDINGTON—EDINBURGH. 325 Hadding
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EDINBUEGH. 827 Science and Art, mod
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STIELINGSHIEE—CLACKMANNAN. 329 St
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FIFE. 8S1 of water, Locli Leven, on
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j engineers CHAPTER XIV. NORTHERN S
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NORTHERN SCOTLAND. 835 marine range
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I ^ or j streams I XOETHEEX SCOTLAX
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NORTHEEN SCOTLAND. 339 ward—a pro
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XOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 311 Along many p
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NOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 843 If we Includ
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NOETHEEX SCOTLAND. 345 \isited Scot
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ISLE OF SKYE-THE EILT EOCK.
Page 438 and 439: 318 THE BEITISU ISLES. Head, on the
Page 440 and 441: 850 THE BPJTISH ISLES. five die in
Page 442: 352 THE BRITISH ISLES. find ourselv
Page 446 and 447: 354 TUB BRITISH ISLES. whicli surro
Page 448: 350 THE BRITISH ISLES. the use of S
Page 452 and 453: 358 THE BEITISH ISLES. inhabitants
Page 454 and 455: 360 THE BEITISH ISLES. The soldiers
Page 456 and 457: 302 THE BElTISn ISLES. the heat and
Page 458: 864 THE BRITISH ISLES. The river Ea
Page 462 and 463: 8GG THE BEITISH ISLES, Broughty Fer
Page 464 and 465: 3G8 THE BEITISH LSLES. which traver
Page 466 and 467: 370 THE BRITISH ISLES. hamlet of Ca
Page 468 and 469: 372 THE BRITISH ISLES. summit of Me
Page 470 and 471: 374 THE BRITISH ISLES. Fortrose, wi
Page 472: 37G THE BRITISH ISLES. Caithness fo
Page 475 and 476: AEGYLLSniEE. 377 Earl of Caithness)
Page 477 and 478: IRELAND. 879 More than once the for
Page 479 and 480: lUELANT). 381 The most elevated mou
Page 481 and 482: lEELAXD. 383 does the valley of the
Page 483 and 484: lEELAND. 385 rust which covers it.
Page 485 and 486: lEELAND. 887 for many geological ag
Page 487: IRELAND. 389 enlarging their area,
Page 491 and 492: ICELAND. 393 ttose numerous indenta
Page 493 and 494: IEEL.VXD. 395 tionally wet years it
Page 495: TYPICAL IKISH.
Page 498 and 499: 898 THE BPJTISn ISLES. lumdred year
Page 500: 400 THE BEITISn ISLES. was 5,293 sq
Page 504 and 505: 402 THE BEITISH ISLES. monuments of
Page 506 and 507: •104 TRE BEITISH ISLES. schools w
Page 508 and 509: 406 THE BEITISn ISLES. to ancient r
Page 510 and 511: 408 TUE BEITISn ISLES. the wages wl
Page 512: 410 THE BRITISH ISLES. Act of 1870
Page 515: BAY
Page 518 and 519: 412 THE BEITISH ISLES. legitimate k
Page 520 and 521: 414 TTIE CEITISn ISLES. and boundin
Page 522 and 523: 41G THE BEITISn ISLES. county town,
Page 524 and 525: 418 TliK UKlTISn SLES. Ulster.—Ul
Page 526 and 527: 420 TllE BEITISH ISLES. seated at i
Page 528 and 529: 422 THE UKITIsn ISLES. spanned by a
Page 530 and 531: 424 THE BEITISH ISLES. century. Emy
Page 532 and 533: 420 THE BRITISn ISLES. themselves i
Page 534: 428 open Atlantic. THE BEITISH ISLE
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430 THE BEITISH ISLEi valley of the
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MUNSTEE. 431 Bantnj, at the head of
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MUNSTEE. 433 is a place of some ind
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MUNSTER. 435 British Islands by an
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STATISTICS OF THE UXITED EINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS or THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE LtNT:TED EIXGDOM.
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STATISTICS or THE UN-ITED KINGDOM.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EIXGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE LTSTITED KINGDOM.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINODOAT.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOil.
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CHAPTER XYII. GOVERKMENT AND ADMINI
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GOVEENMENT AND APMINISTEATION. 477
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GOYEEXMEXT AND ADMIXISTRATIOX. 479
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GOVEENMENT AND ADMINISTEATION. 481
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GOYEEXMENT AND ADMIXISTEATIOX. 483
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GOVEEXMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 485
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All towns of 2,500 inhabitants t Be
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NOETHAMPTOS NOKTHCMBER- LAXD . . Ar
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Worcester . Y0RK
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APPENDIX. 493
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APPENDIX. 495 Agricultueal Statisti
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APPENDIX. 497 Imports of Merchandis
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APPENDIX. 490 Imports and Exports a
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£02 APPENDIX. "\T:I.—STATISTICAL
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Abberley Hills, 104 Abbeyleix, 416
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.romvaril, 118 Broom, Loch, 342, 37
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Dunglow, 424 Dunham Massey, 265 Dun
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Kiiims. 337 Kainrsbiirgh. 315 Kaiit
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Muuh Wenluck, 103 Muich Dhui, Bun,
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SUvermine Mcimtains, 382 Sittingbou
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kliSi^W*!"**^'! IK*
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