The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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181 THE BRITISH ISLES. Chatham, Pitt, Fox, Warren Hastings, and Robert Peel, whose influences upon the destinies of the nation Lave been so pronounced? Newton, Herschel, Watt, Humphry Davy, Telford, and Young are buried at Westminster. Here, too, are interred, or commemorated by monuments, mostly in the "Poets' Corner," Chaucer, Ben Jonson, Camden, Milton, Butler, Gray, Spenser, Addison, Dryden, Congreve, Fig. 96. — Westminster Abbey: Hexby VII.'s Chapel. Thom.'on, Casaubon, Goldsmith, Southey, Macaulay, Dickens, Thackeray, Paoli, Wilberforce, Handel, Kemble, Mrs. Siddons, and Garrick. Lastly, amongst those who have made the earth their study, are Stamford Raffles, Rennel, Chardin, Lyell, and Livingstone. Westminster Abbey has survived, notwithstanding the Reformation. It still is
LONDON. 185 in possession of its church, chapter-house, and cloister, has retained its ancient institutions, and grown in wealth. Its Dean is a prince of the Church, who lives in a Gothic mansion adjoining the Abhey, and enjoys an annual stipend of £2,000. The Chapter has a revenue of £60,000, out of which 1,000 guineas are annually expended upon the public school dependent upon it. In many respects this "West- minster School resembles a grammar school of the sixteenth century rather than a modern place of instruction.* It was near it, in the old Almonry of Westminster, that William Caxton, before the year 1477, set up the first printing-press in England. Close to the ancient abbey, on the banks of the Thames, rises Westminster Palace, reconstructed since the -fire of 1834, to serve as a seat for the two Houses of Parliament. This Gothic edifice is one of the vastest in the world, for it covers 8 acres, and contains more than a thousand rooms of all sizes, a chapel, and 2 miles of corridors. But, for all this, the building has not realised the expectations of those who caused it to be constructed. If worthy of England by the wealth of its decorations and its size, it is hardly so as regards its beauty, and still less so with respect to its internal arrangements. Famous Westminster Hall, a remnant of the old palace, has been embodied in the modern structure. It is a superb room, 250 feet in length and 68 in width, spanned by a remarkable roof supported on sculptured rafters of chestnut-wood. The parliamentary commission charged with the selection of a plan is said to have vitiated the original design of the architect, Sir Charles Barry. It certainly failed in selecting a stone capable of resisting the deleterious effects of the London climate. The magnesian lime- stone from Anston, in Yorkshire, is rapidly crumbling to pieces, and had to be covered with silicates to stay its decay. But whatever art critics may say, there are parts of the building deserving of our admiration, nor can we contemplate without delight the long facade reflected in the Thames, the slender clock tower with its gilded roof, or the more comjDactly built Victoria Tower, rising to a height of 336 feet, and commanding all surrounding buildings. The dome of St. Paul's Cathedral rises even higher than the towers of West- minster, and stands out nobly above the houses of the City. Of all the monumental buildings of London this one is the most superb of aspect, that which is visible from the greatest distance, and which, owing to its commanding position, is best entitled to be looked upon as the veritable centre of the metropolis. This edifice is the masterpiece of Christopher Wren, who built many other churches, all in different styles, as if it had been his aim to grapple with and solve all the problems which present themselves to the architect. The edifice was raised between 1675 and 1710, on the site of a cathedral swept away by the great fire of 1666. Its principal features are a double portico of coupled columns, forming the west front, and a gigantic dome of most noble proportions, rising to a height of 360 feet, including its lantern. Seen from the Thames, the grandeur of this dome, hung in a bluish haze, is best brought home to us. But the interior of the building hardly corre- sponds with the magnificence of its external features. The bare walls are of repellent * Demogeot et Montucci, " De rEn«eignemeiit secondaire en Angleterre et en Ecosse."
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V >^ri,-. 5^^Xv%/-Stj* \: ^jf .A
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CONTENTS. I. General Features The B
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Diitish I
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U7. St. P.iuLs C'athf.dr.^l .... 1S
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i^5|SI«S' ^llrilillljlllil ! r- \
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2 THE BRITISH ISLES. by well-define
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4 THE BRITISH ISLES. In its general
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THE BEITISH ISLES. not without dang
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8 THE BEITISH ISLES. more minute su
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^'V
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10 THE BRITISH ISLE!?. affording ex
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12 THE BEITISH ISLES. chalk, this a
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14 THE BRITISH ISLES. Farther west
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16 THE BRITISH ISLE?. are to be pre
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IS THE BEITISn ISI.ES. In summer, w
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20 THE BRITISH ISLES winds are most
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22 THE BRITISH ISLES. The influence
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24 THE BEITISH ISLES. plants. The c
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26 THE BEITISH ISLES. stretclies. I
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28 THE BRITISH ISLES. songsters is
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30 THE BEITISH ISLES. habits. Of th
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32 THE BRITISH ISLES. southern port
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34 THE BRITISH ISLES. followed the
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36 TEE BEITISH ISLES. fluctuations
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38 THE BEITISH ISLES. tions?* Engli
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40 THE BPJTIsn KLES. thousand years
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42 THE BEITISn ISLES. As men of com
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ii THE BRITISH ISLES. famous as cli
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CHArTER II. WALES AND MONMOUTHSHIRE
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M 1 k: 3
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48 THE BEITISH ISLES. with"^e, and
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50 THE BEITISH ISLES. 80 feet, are
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52 THE BRITISH ISLES. surface featu
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. over the inha
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56 THE BEITISH ISLES. education. Th
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58 THE BEITISH ISLES. to extinction
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60 THE BEIITSH ISLES. Mercia, in 79
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62 THE BRITISH ISLES. the beautiful
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. Merionethshir
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66 THE BEITISH ISLES. Noctown, high
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68 THE BRITISH ISLES. Flemings, who
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70 THE BRITISH ISLES. south, known
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72 THE BEITISH ISLES. Wales contain
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74 THE BEITISH ISLES. extent, but s
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76 THE BRITISH ISLES. of the sea up
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78 THE BEITISH ISLES. the cliffs, a
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80 THE BRITISH ISLES. with it fogs,
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82 THE BEITISH ISLES. plugged up, t
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84 THE BRITISH ISLES. Topography. C
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8fi THE BRITISH ISLES. northern sid
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88 THE BRITISH ISLES. rolled into t
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90 THE BEITISU ISLES. above tier ou
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92 THE BRITISH I^^LES. at the foot
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94 TUli BEITLSn ISLES. modern build
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CHAPTER IV. THE BASIN OF THE SEA-EE
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98 THE BBinSH ISLES. the Severn and
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100 THE BEITISH ISLES. suddenness i
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SHEOPSHIEB. 101 activity, for whils
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SHEOPSHIRE. 103 Most of the antiqui
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WOECESTEESHIEE—WAEWICKSHIRE. 105
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WAEWICKSHTRE. 107 impoverished, was
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WARWICKSHIRE. ion Birmingham, the l
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Ill Its sbape is t
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 113 Xew Inn, an ol
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 115 Bristol is one
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GLOUCESTEESHIEE—HEEEFOEDSHIEE. 11
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SOMEESETSHIEE. 119 A small portion
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SOMERSETSHIRE. 121 tte church of St
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. where conflictin
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 125 is in realit
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 127 and clay, we
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THE CHAX>rEL SLOPE. 129 upon whose
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DORSETSHIRE. Ifjl communication by
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WILTSHIEE. 133 Salishury, the count
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^TLTSHIEE. 135 a seat of the Earl o
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HAMPSHIRE. 137 on the capacious bay
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^ J^" ^ «•.».. J^TT
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HAMPSHIEE. 139 ihe roadstead, are a
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SUSSEX. 141 the finest wheat and be
Page 191 and 192: SUSSEX. 143 way to tlie sea. A port
Page 193 and 194: SUSSEX. 145 Hastings, whose Scandin
Page 195 and 196: THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 147 Thames
Page 197 and 198: THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 149 regula
Page 199 and 200: THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 151 bouude
Page 201 and 202: OXPOEDSHIEE. 153 nei"-liboiiring co
Page 205 and 206: OXFORDSHIRE. 155 contain the univer
Page 207 and 208: BEEKBHIEE. 157 Thame, which was the
Page 209 and 210: BERKSHIEE. 159 than Eeadiug biscuit
Page 211: II t^^^ |fHl||!|l||H|l||J
Page 214 and 215: 162 THE BEITISH ISLES. unequalled i
Page 216: 164 THE BRITISH ISLES. Hitcliin and
Page 219: RYOFTHETHAMES
Page 222 and 223: 166 TEE BRITISH ISLES. London has o
Page 224 and 225: 168 THE BRITISH ISLES. case of a to
Page 226 and 227: 170 the City and "Westminster becam
Page 228 and 229: 172 THE BRITISH ISLES. in fertilisi
Page 230: m THE BETTISH ISLES. falls on Bagsl
Page 234 and 235: 17G TIIK BRITISH ISLES. confusion ;
Page 236 and 237: 178 THE BEITISH ISLES. quarters, al
Page 238 and 239: 180 THE BRITISH ISLES. a desire of
Page 240 and 241: 182 TIIE BRITISH ISLES. Of all the
Page 244 and 245: 186 THE BRITISH ISLES. coldness, wh
Page 246 and 247: 188 THE BRITISH ISLES. bridge acros
Page 248 and 249: 190 THE BRITISH ISLES. irrespective
Page 250 and 251: 192 THE BRITISH ISLES. with the gre
Page 252 and 253: 194 THE BEITISH ISLES. fire-arms, m
Page 254 and 255: 196 THE BRITISH ISLES. West India D
Page 256 and 257: 198 THE BEITISH ISLES. drainao'e, t
Page 258 and 259: 200 THE BRITISH ISLES. moorish trac
Page 260 and 261: 202 THE BRITISH ISLES. those of Put
Page 262 and 263: 204 THE BRITISH ISLES. up from Grav
Page 264: 20fi THE BEITISH ISLES. gun-cotton
Page 268 and 269: 208 " faults." THE BEITISH ISLES. "
Page 270 and 271: 210 THE BRITISH ISLES. There are no
Page 272 and 273: CHAPTER VII. EAST ANGLIA. (Suffolk
Page 274 and 275: 214 THE BRITISH ISLES. have now dec
Page 276 and 277: 216 THE BEITISn ISLES. the town. Se
Page 278 and 279: 218 TILE BETTISH ISLES. and mustard
Page 280 and 281: CHAPTER VIII. THE BASIN OF THE WASH
Page 282 and 283: 222 THE BRITISH ISLES. residence of
Page 284 and 285: 221 THE BEITISH ISLES. most of tlio
Page 286: 22fi THE BRITISH ISLES. backs of th
Page 290 and 291: 228 THE BEITISH ISLES. fen land. Th
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230 THE BRITISH ISLES much trade in
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232 THE BRITISH ISLES. dral, which
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234 THE BEITISn ISLES. north, and c
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236 THE BRITISH ISLES. The coast di
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! 288 THE BRITISH ISLES. the only t
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240 THE BRITISH ISLES. of Oiron, bu
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242 THE BRITISH ISLES. The best vie
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244 THE BRITISH ISLES. Wye, in a bl
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246 THE BRITISH ISLES. Netcark-iqMn
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248 THE BRITISH ISLES. pleasant wal
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250 THE BEITISH ISLES. dreariness.
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252 THE BRITISH ISLES. name, is pro
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TOEKSHIEE. 253 tion of iron vessels
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YOEKSHIEE. 255 prophetess of the si
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YORKSHIRE. 237 glass houses, chemic
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TOEKSHIEE. 259 critic. The battle o
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CHAPTER X. THE BASINS OF THE MERSEY
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CHESHIEB. 263 their city Beca, afte
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LANCASmKE. 265 which supplies a pro
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LANOASniEE. 267 The coast of Lancas
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LANCASHIRE. 269 in England ; the Ex
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LANCASHTEK. 271 down, between Rinic
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LAXCASHXRE. 273 extend for 5 miles
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LAJSrCASHIEE. 275 have been raised
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LANCASHIRE. 277 of some note, whils
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CHAPTER XI. THE XORTH OF EXGLAXD, T
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 281 The torre
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 283 accounts
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WESTMOEELAND. 285 drain an importan
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CUMBERLAND. 287 "Waver, is remarkab
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DUEHAM. 289 of lead pencils. The Bo
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DUEHAM. 291 The only place of note
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 293 The mouth of th
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NOETHUMBEELAND. 295 boundary, it is
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 297 mass of columna
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CHAPTER XII. THE ISLE OF MAN. HE Is
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THE ISLE OF MAN. 301 inhabitants is
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SOUTHEKX SC'OTLAXD. 303 which it en
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 3O5 wliicli term
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SOUTHEEN SCOTLAND. 307 of Lucerne i
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 309 geological f
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 311 Under the fi
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DUiEFRZES-KIRKCUDBRIGHT. 313 Topogr
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BUTE-LANAEKSniEE. 815 is spanned by
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LANARKSHIRE. 817 the principal quar
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EENFEEWSniEE. 319 otter engineers t
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DUMBABTONSHIEE. 821 rock encloses r
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BERWICKSHIEE. 323 is known as Tevio
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Rugl-BTOi try El-tni-a Tan
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HADDINGTON—EDINBURGH. 325 Hadding
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EDINBUEGH. 827 Science and Art, mod
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STIELINGSHIEE—CLACKMANNAN. 329 St
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FIFE. 8S1 of water, Locli Leven, on
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j engineers CHAPTER XIV. NORTHERN S
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NORTHERN SCOTLAND. 835 marine range
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I ^ or j streams I XOETHEEX SCOTLAX
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NORTHEEN SCOTLAND. 339 ward—a pro
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XOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 311 Along many p
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NOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 843 If we Includ
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NOETHEEX SCOTLAND. 345 \isited Scot
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ISLE OF SKYE-THE EILT EOCK.
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318 THE BEITISU ISLES. Head, on the
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850 THE BPJTISH ISLES. five die in
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352 THE BRITISH ISLES. find ourselv
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354 TUB BRITISH ISLES. whicli surro
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350 THE BRITISH ISLES. the use of S
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358 THE BEITISH ISLES. inhabitants
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360 THE BEITISH ISLES. The soldiers
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302 THE BElTISn ISLES. the heat and
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864 THE BRITISH ISLES. The river Ea
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8GG THE BEITISH ISLES, Broughty Fer
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3G8 THE BEITISH LSLES. which traver
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370 THE BRITISH ISLES. hamlet of Ca
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372 THE BRITISH ISLES. summit of Me
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374 THE BRITISH ISLES. Fortrose, wi
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37G THE BRITISH ISLES. Caithness fo
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AEGYLLSniEE. 377 Earl of Caithness)
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IRELAND. 879 More than once the for
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lUELANT). 381 The most elevated mou
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lEELAXD. 383 does the valley of the
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lEELAND. 385 rust which covers it.
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lEELAND. 887 for many geological ag
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IRELAND. 389 enlarging their area,
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IRELAND. 391 and Slieve Nakilla on
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ICELAND. 393 ttose numerous indenta
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IEEL.VXD. 395 tionally wet years it
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TYPICAL IKISH.
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898 THE BPJTISn ISLES. lumdred year
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400 THE BEITISn ISLES. was 5,293 sq
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402 THE BEITISH ISLES. monuments of
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•104 TRE BEITISH ISLES. schools w
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406 THE BEITISn ISLES. to ancient r
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408 TUE BEITISn ISLES. the wages wl
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410 THE BRITISH ISLES. Act of 1870
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BAY
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412 THE BEITISH ISLES. legitimate k
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414 TTIE CEITISn ISLES. and boundin
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41G THE BEITISn ISLES. county town,
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418 TliK UKlTISn SLES. Ulster.—Ul
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420 TllE BEITISH ISLES. seated at i
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422 THE UKITIsn ISLES. spanned by a
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424 THE BEITISH ISLES. century. Emy
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420 THE BRITISn ISLES. themselves i
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428 open Atlantic. THE BEITISH ISLE
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430 THE BEITISH ISLEi valley of the
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MUNSTEE. 431 Bantnj, at the head of
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MUNSTEE. 433 is a place of some ind
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MUNSTER. 435 British Islands by an
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STATISTICS OF THE UXITED EINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS or THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOM. 4
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Page 561 and 562:
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STATISTICS OF THE LtNT:TED EIXGDOM.
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STATISTICS or THE UN-ITED KINGDOM.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EIXGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE LTSTITED KINGDOM.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINODOAT.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOil.
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CHAPTER XYII. GOVERKMENT AND ADMINI
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GOVEENMENT AND APMINISTEATION. 477
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GOYEEXMEXT AND ADMIXISTRATIOX. 479
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GOVEENMENT AND ADMINISTEATION. 481
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GOYEEXMENT AND ADMIXISTEATIOX. 483
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GOVEEXMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 485
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All towns of 2,500 inhabitants t Be
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NOETHAMPTOS NOKTHCMBER- LAXD . . Ar
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Worcester . Y0RK
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APPENDIX. 493
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APPENDIX. 495 Agricultueal Statisti
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APPENDIX. 497 Imports of Merchandis
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APPENDIX. 490 Imports and Exports a
Page 614 and 615:
£02 APPENDIX. "\T:I.—STATISTICAL
Page 617 and 618:
Abberley Hills, 104 Abbeyleix, 416
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.romvaril, 118 Broom, Loch, 342, 37
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Dunglow, 424 Dunham Massey, 265 Dun
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Kiiims. 337 Kainrsbiirgh. 315 Kaiit
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Muuh Wenluck, 103 Muich Dhui, Bun,
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SUvermine Mcimtains, 382 Sittingbou
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kliSi^W*!"**^'! IK*
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