The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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CHAPTER XVI. STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. PorULATION. P to tlie beginning of the present century the population of the British Islands was only known approximately, the estimates being based upon the number of hearths or the yield of certain taxes. Its increase dui-ing the whole of the Middle Ages can have been only slow, for its growth was impeded by a want of roads, the low state of agriculture, the rudimentary condition of industry, frequent wars, and a neglect of sanitary laws ; and famines often carried off more men in a few months than had been added to the population in a generation. It is probable that at the commencement of the seventeenth century the number of inhabitants did not exceed 5,000,000. Since then the growth has been continuous, for the construction of roads has rendered it possible to supply corn to districts afflicted by bad harvests, whilst the increase of commerce and industry has opened up fresh resources to the inhabitants. When the first census was taken in 1801, it was found that the British Islands were inhabited by 16,000,000 individuals, and their number has more than doubled during the eighty years which have since elapsed.* At the present time the population increases annually at the rate of more than 300,000 souls. Between 1861 and 1871 the daily increase amounted to 500 persons, and since then it has risen to a diurnal increment of 1,000 souls, without there being any sign of a reaction. The British Islands are amongst the most densely populated countries of the world. In England the number of inhabitants * Population of tlie British Isles : England and Wales Scotland . Ireland . — Isle of Man and Channel Islands 1801. 8,892,500 1,008,400 5,395,500 100,000 15,996,400
STATISTICS OF THE UXITED EINGDOM. 437 to a square mile is greater than in any other European country of the same extent.* The pojjulation of the towns increases at a much more rapid rate than that of the rural districts. This is the case in all commercial and manufacturing countries, but nowhere else in Europe is the discrepancy so great as in England and Scotland. The dwellers in towns have long outnumbered the rural population of Great Britain, for out of 9 inhabitants 5 live in towns, and the difference bet^>een the two is annually increasing. London alone includes the fifth part of the population of England, and Glasgow occupies a similar posi- tion with reference to Scotland. A time may come when the villages will be superseded by agricultural factories and clusters of huge dwelling-houses, as dependencies of the towns in their neighbourhood. The tiller of the soil is fast being turned into a factory labourer, who readily changes his abode according to the necessities of his work, and the number of citizens who annually spend a few weeks or months in the country, whilst still keeping their ordinary place of business in the towns, is annually increasing. Quite irrespective of the forcible ejection by greedy landlords of the inhabitants of entire hamlets, there are not wanting villages which have become depopulated in the course of the last generation. In the Scotch Highlands, in certain agricultural counties of England, and even in Ireland the migration of the agricultural population towards the great manufacturing towns has assumed such proportion as to lead to a decrease of the population far greater than could be made up by an excess of births over deaths. In reality the fecundity of marriages is pretty much the same throughout the coimtry, yet in the south-west and in other agricultural counties of England the population increases but slowly, if it does not decrease, whilst in London and the great manufacturing districts in the north the increase is astounding.t The inquiries as to the birthplaces of the people which have been made show very conclusively that the great centres of commerce and industry do not so much draw towards them the inhabitants of smaller towns, but that they exercise a most potent power of attraction upon their immediate neighbourhood. The inhabitants of the country surrounding the town flock into it, the gaps they leave are fiUed up by immigrants from more retired country districts, and so on, until the attractive force of one of these rapidly increasing cities makes its influence felt to the most remote corner of the kingdom.* Several coujities, in which the number of factories is small, are more * Numter of inhabitants to a square mile : — England and Wales ... 392 Scotland 52 Ireland ...... 163 British Isles .... 244 France . . . . . 180 Germcin Empire . . . 201 Kussia in Europe ... 34 Belgium 469 t Increase of the population of England, IS61—71 Korthem counties . 23 per cent. Midland counties . . 9 per cent. Yorkshire . . . 19 „ Eastern counties . . 7 „ North-western counties 15 „ South-western counties . 2 „ i KarenstfLn, " Tie Birthplaces of the People and the Laws of Migration." London, 1876.
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V >^ri,-. 5^^Xv%/-Stj* \: ^jf .A
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CONTENTS. I. General Features The B
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Diitish I
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U7. St. P.iuLs C'athf.dr.^l .... 1S
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i^5|SI«S' ^llrilillljlllil ! r- \
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2 THE BRITISH ISLES. by well-define
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4 THE BRITISH ISLES. In its general
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THE BEITISH ISLES. not without dang
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8 THE BEITISH ISLES. more minute su
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^'V
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10 THE BRITISH ISLE!?. affording ex
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12 THE BEITISH ISLES. chalk, this a
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14 THE BRITISH ISLES. Farther west
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16 THE BRITISH ISLE?. are to be pre
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IS THE BEITISn ISI.ES. In summer, w
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20 THE BRITISH ISLES winds are most
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22 THE BRITISH ISLES. The influence
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24 THE BEITISH ISLES. plants. The c
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26 THE BEITISH ISLES. stretclies. I
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28 THE BRITISH ISLES. songsters is
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30 THE BEITISH ISLES. habits. Of th
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32 THE BRITISH ISLES. southern port
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34 THE BRITISH ISLES. followed the
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36 TEE BEITISH ISLES. fluctuations
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38 THE BEITISH ISLES. tions?* Engli
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40 THE BPJTIsn KLES. thousand years
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42 THE BEITISn ISLES. As men of com
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ii THE BRITISH ISLES. famous as cli
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CHArTER II. WALES AND MONMOUTHSHIRE
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M 1 k: 3
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48 THE BEITISH ISLES. with"^e, and
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50 THE BEITISH ISLES. 80 feet, are
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52 THE BRITISH ISLES. surface featu
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. over the inha
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56 THE BEITISH ISLES. education. Th
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58 THE BEITISH ISLES. to extinction
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60 THE BEIITSH ISLES. Mercia, in 79
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62 THE BRITISH ISLES. the beautiful
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. Merionethshir
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66 THE BEITISH ISLES. Noctown, high
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68 THE BRITISH ISLES. Flemings, who
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70 THE BRITISH ISLES. south, known
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72 THE BEITISH ISLES. Wales contain
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74 THE BEITISH ISLES. extent, but s
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76 THE BRITISH ISLES. of the sea up
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78 THE BEITISH ISLES. the cliffs, a
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80 THE BRITISH ISLES. with it fogs,
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82 THE BEITISH ISLES. plugged up, t
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84 THE BRITISH ISLES. Topography. C
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8fi THE BRITISH ISLES. northern sid
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88 THE BRITISH ISLES. rolled into t
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90 THE BEITISU ISLES. above tier ou
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92 THE BRITISH I^^LES. at the foot
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94 TUli BEITLSn ISLES. modern build
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CHAPTER IV. THE BASIN OF THE SEA-EE
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98 THE BBinSH ISLES. the Severn and
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100 THE BEITISH ISLES. suddenness i
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SHEOPSHIEB. 101 activity, for whils
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SHEOPSHIRE. 103 Most of the antiqui
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WOECESTEESHIEE—WAEWICKSHIRE. 105
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WAEWICKSHTRE. 107 impoverished, was
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WARWICKSHIRE. ion Birmingham, the l
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Ill Its sbape is t
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 113 Xew Inn, an ol
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 115 Bristol is one
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GLOUCESTEESHIEE—HEEEFOEDSHIEE. 11
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SOMEESETSHIEE. 119 A small portion
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SOMERSETSHIRE. 121 tte church of St
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. where conflictin
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 125 is in realit
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 127 and clay, we
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THE CHAX>rEL SLOPE. 129 upon whose
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DORSETSHIRE. Ifjl communication by
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WILTSHIEE. 133 Salishury, the count
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^TLTSHIEE. 135 a seat of the Earl o
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HAMPSHIRE. 137 on the capacious bay
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^ J^" ^ «•.».. J^TT
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HAMPSHIEE. 139 ihe roadstead, are a
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SUSSEX. 141 the finest wheat and be
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SUSSEX. 143 way to tlie sea. A port
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SUSSEX. 145 Hastings, whose Scandin
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 147 Thames
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 149 regula
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 151 bouude
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OXPOEDSHIEE. 153 nei"-liboiiring co
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OXFORDSHIRE. 155 contain the univer
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BEEKBHIEE. 157 Thame, which was the
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BERKSHIEE. 159 than Eeadiug biscuit
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II t^^^ |fHl||!|l||H|l||J
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162 THE BEITISH ISLES. unequalled i
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164 THE BRITISH ISLES. Hitcliin and
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RYOFTHETHAMES
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166 TEE BRITISH ISLES. London has o
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168 THE BRITISH ISLES. case of a to
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170 the City and "Westminster becam
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172 THE BRITISH ISLES. in fertilisi
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m THE BETTISH ISLES. falls on Bagsl
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17G TIIK BRITISH ISLES. confusion ;
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178 THE BEITISH ISLES. quarters, al
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180 THE BRITISH ISLES. a desire of
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182 TIIE BRITISH ISLES. Of all the
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181 THE BRITISH ISLES. Chatham, Pit
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186 THE BRITISH ISLES. coldness, wh
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188 THE BRITISH ISLES. bridge acros
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190 THE BRITISH ISLES. irrespective
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192 THE BRITISH ISLES. with the gre
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194 THE BEITISH ISLES. fire-arms, m
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196 THE BRITISH ISLES. West India D
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198 THE BEITISH ISLES. drainao'e, t
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200 THE BRITISH ISLES. moorish trac
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202 THE BRITISH ISLES. those of Put
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204 THE BRITISH ISLES. up from Grav
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20fi THE BEITISH ISLES. gun-cotton
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208 " faults." THE BEITISH ISLES. "
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210 THE BRITISH ISLES. There are no
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CHAPTER VII. EAST ANGLIA. (Suffolk
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214 THE BRITISH ISLES. have now dec
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216 THE BEITISn ISLES. the town. Se
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218 TILE BETTISH ISLES. and mustard
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CHAPTER VIII. THE BASIN OF THE WASH
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222 THE BRITISH ISLES. residence of
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221 THE BEITISH ISLES. most of tlio
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22fi THE BRITISH ISLES. backs of th
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228 THE BEITISH ISLES. fen land. Th
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230 THE BRITISH ISLES much trade in
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232 THE BRITISH ISLES. dral, which
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234 THE BEITISn ISLES. north, and c
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236 THE BRITISH ISLES. The coast di
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! 288 THE BRITISH ISLES. the only t
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240 THE BRITISH ISLES. of Oiron, bu
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242 THE BRITISH ISLES. The best vie
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244 THE BRITISH ISLES. Wye, in a bl
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246 THE BRITISH ISLES. Netcark-iqMn
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248 THE BRITISH ISLES. pleasant wal
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250 THE BEITISH ISLES. dreariness.
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252 THE BRITISH ISLES. name, is pro
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TOEKSHIEE. 253 tion of iron vessels
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YOEKSHIEE. 255 prophetess of the si
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YORKSHIRE. 237 glass houses, chemic
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TOEKSHIEE. 259 critic. The battle o
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CHAPTER X. THE BASINS OF THE MERSEY
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CHESHIEB. 263 their city Beca, afte
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LANCASmKE. 265 which supplies a pro
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LANOASniEE. 267 The coast of Lancas
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LANCASHIRE. 269 in England ; the Ex
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LANCASHTEK. 271 down, between Rinic
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LAXCASHXRE. 273 extend for 5 miles
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LAJSrCASHIEE. 275 have been raised
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LANCASHIRE. 277 of some note, whils
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CHAPTER XI. THE XORTH OF EXGLAXD, T
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 281 The torre
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 283 accounts
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WESTMOEELAND. 285 drain an importan
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CUMBERLAND. 287 "Waver, is remarkab
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DUEHAM. 289 of lead pencils. The Bo
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DUEHAM. 291 The only place of note
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 293 The mouth of th
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NOETHUMBEELAND. 295 boundary, it is
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 297 mass of columna
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CHAPTER XII. THE ISLE OF MAN. HE Is
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THE ISLE OF MAN. 301 inhabitants is
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SOUTHEKX SC'OTLAXD. 303 which it en
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 3O5 wliicli term
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SOUTHEEN SCOTLAND. 307 of Lucerne i
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 309 geological f
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 311 Under the fi
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DUiEFRZES-KIRKCUDBRIGHT. 313 Topogr
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BUTE-LANAEKSniEE. 815 is spanned by
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LANARKSHIRE. 817 the principal quar
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EENFEEWSniEE. 319 otter engineers t
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DUMBABTONSHIEE. 821 rock encloses r
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BERWICKSHIEE. 323 is known as Tevio
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Rugl-BTOi try El-tni-a Tan
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HADDINGTON—EDINBURGH. 325 Hadding
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EDINBUEGH. 827 Science and Art, mod
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STIELINGSHIEE—CLACKMANNAN. 329 St
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FIFE. 8S1 of water, Locli Leven, on
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j engineers CHAPTER XIV. NORTHERN S
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NORTHERN SCOTLAND. 835 marine range
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I ^ or j streams I XOETHEEX SCOTLAX
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NORTHEEN SCOTLAND. 339 ward—a pro
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XOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 311 Along many p
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NOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 843 If we Includ
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NOETHEEX SCOTLAND. 345 \isited Scot
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ISLE OF SKYE-THE EILT EOCK.
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318 THE BEITISU ISLES. Head, on the
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850 THE BPJTISH ISLES. five die in
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352 THE BRITISH ISLES. find ourselv
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354 TUB BRITISH ISLES. whicli surro
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350 THE BRITISH ISLES. the use of S
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358 THE BEITISH ISLES. inhabitants
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360 THE BEITISH ISLES. The soldiers
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302 THE BElTISn ISLES. the heat and
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864 THE BRITISH ISLES. The river Ea
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8GG THE BEITISH ISLES, Broughty Fer
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3G8 THE BEITISH LSLES. which traver
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370 THE BRITISH ISLES. hamlet of Ca
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372 THE BRITISH ISLES. summit of Me
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374 THE BRITISH ISLES. Fortrose, wi
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37G THE BRITISH ISLES. Caithness fo
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AEGYLLSniEE. 377 Earl of Caithness)
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IRELAND. 879 More than once the for
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lUELANT). 381 The most elevated mou
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lEELAXD. 383 does the valley of the
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lEELAND. 385 rust which covers it.
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lEELAND. 887 for many geological ag
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IRELAND. 389 enlarging their area,
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IRELAND. 391 and Slieve Nakilla on
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ICELAND. 393 ttose numerous indenta
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IEEL.VXD. 395 tionally wet years it
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TYPICAL IKISH.
Page 498 and 499: 898 THE BPJTISn ISLES. lumdred year
Page 500: 400 THE BEITISn ISLES. was 5,293 sq
Page 504 and 505: 402 THE BEITISH ISLES. monuments of
Page 506 and 507: •104 TRE BEITISH ISLES. schools w
Page 508 and 509: 406 THE BEITISn ISLES. to ancient r
Page 510 and 511: 408 TUE BEITISn ISLES. the wages wl
Page 512: 410 THE BRITISH ISLES. Act of 1870
Page 515: BAY
Page 518 and 519: 412 THE BEITISH ISLES. legitimate k
Page 520 and 521: 414 TTIE CEITISn ISLES. and boundin
Page 522 and 523: 41G THE BEITISn ISLES. county town,
Page 524 and 525: 418 TliK UKlTISn SLES. Ulster.—Ul
Page 526 and 527: 420 TllE BEITISH ISLES. seated at i
Page 528 and 529: 422 THE UKITIsn ISLES. spanned by a
Page 530 and 531: 424 THE BEITISH ISLES. century. Emy
Page 532 and 533: 420 THE BRITISn ISLES. themselves i
Page 534: 428 open Atlantic. THE BEITISH ISLE
Page 538: 430 THE BEITISH ISLEi valley of the
Page 543 and 544: MUNSTEE. 431 Bantnj, at the head of
Page 545 and 546: MUNSTEE. 433 is a place of some ind
Page 547: MUNSTER. 435 British Islands by an
Page 551 and 552: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
Page 555 and 556: STATISTICS or THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
Page 557 and 558: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOM. 4
Page 563 and 564: STATISTICS OF THE LtNT:TED EIXGDOM.
Page 565 and 566: STATISTICS or THE UN-ITED KINGDOM.
Page 569 and 570: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EIXGDOM. 4
Page 573 and 574: STATISTICS OF THE LTSTITED KINGDOM.
Page 575 and 576: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EINGDOM. 4
Page 577 and 578: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINODOAT.
Page 583 and 584: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOil.
Page 587 and 588: CHAPTER XYII. GOVERKMENT AND ADMINI
Page 589 and 590: GOVEENMENT AND APMINISTEATION. 477
Page 591 and 592: GOYEEXMEXT AND ADMIXISTRATIOX. 479
Page 593 and 594: GOVEENMENT AND ADMINISTEATION. 481
Page 595 and 596: GOYEEXMENT AND ADMIXISTEATIOX. 483
Page 597 and 598: GOVEEXMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 485
Page 599 and 600:
All towns of 2,500 inhabitants t Be
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NOETHAMPTOS NOKTHCMBER- LAXD . . Ar
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Worcester . Y0RK
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APPENDIX. 493
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APPENDIX. 495 Agricultueal Statisti
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APPENDIX. 497 Imports of Merchandis
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APPENDIX. 490 Imports and Exports a
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£02 APPENDIX. "\T:I.—STATISTICAL
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Abberley Hills, 104 Abbeyleix, 416
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.romvaril, 118 Broom, Loch, 342, 37
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Dunglow, 424 Dunham Massey, 265 Dun
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Kiiims. 337 Kainrsbiirgh. 315 Kaiit
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Muuh Wenluck, 103 Muich Dhui, Bun,
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SUvermine Mcimtains, 382 Sittingbou
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kliSi^W*!"**^'! IK*
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