The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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222 THE BRITISH ISLES. residence of human beings. This is proved by the flint weapons and implements which, together with fresh- water shells and the bones of oxen and mammoths, have been discovered on the river terraces along the Ouse. The peat of the Fens in several places attains a thickness of 10 feet. As in the peat of the Netherlands, there are embedded in it the remains of ancient forests, the bones of wild boars, stags, and beavers, and more rarely weapons and boats which belonged perhaps to the ancient Britons. It has been noticed that the most elevated peat yields oak, whilst that nearer the sea conceals only ancient forests of fir.* In proportion as the soil subsides these buried trunks of trees come to be nearer the surface, just as in Holland, and very frequently the plough- share strikes against them. There are localities where the wood recovered from the peat suffices for the construction of fences. The embankment and reclamation of these lowlands were begun more than eighteen hundred years ago. An old embankment, traces of which are still visible a few miles from the actual coast-line, connects all those towns which are known to have been Roman stations. The Normans raised powerful dykes along the river Welland for the protection of the adjoining flats, but the drainage works on a really large scale date back no further than the seventeenth centurj', and were carried out by a company formed by the Earl of Bedford. It is from this circimi- stance that a large portion of the Fen country is known as the Bedford Level. Later on Dutchmen, taken prisoners in a naval battle fought in 1652, were employed in the construction of canals and dykes, and tbe lessons tben conveyed proved very profitable. Not a decade has passed since without the extent of cultivable land having been increased at the expense of the sea. A line drawn through the ancient towns of Wainfleet, Boston, Spalding, Wisbeach, and King's Lynn approximately marks the direction of the coast in the Middle Ages. The towns named have travelled inland, as it were, ever since, and new dykes and embankments are for ever encroaching upon the bay of the Wash. Propositions have even been made for blotting out that indenture of the sea altogether. Natural obstacles would not prevent such a work from being carried to a happy conclusion, for the "Wash is encumbered with banks of sand and mud, which would assist such an embankment. Many of the towns, villages, and homesteads whose names terminate in " beach," " sea," " mere," or " ey," proving that formerly they were close to the sea, and even on islands in the midst of it, now lie 5, 10, or even 30 miles inland, and a few shallow meres are all that remain of an estuary which at one time extended inland as far as the Cam, Huntingdon, Peterborough, and Lincoln. The islands which rose in the midst of this estuary were formerly of great historical importance, for they proved an asylum to the persecuted of every race. Quaking bogs and marshes enabled Ditmarschers, Frieslanders, and Batavians to maintain their independence for a considerable time ; and similarly the inhabitants of the Fen countrj-, too, repeatedly endeavoured to throw ofi" the yoke of their • John Algernon Clarke, " On the Great Level of the Fens " [Journal of the Agricultural Socuty «/ England, vol. viii.).
THE BASIN OP THE WASH. 228 masters. They might have finally succeeded in this had their half-drowned lands been more extensive, and the facilities for communicating with the continent greater. "When the Saxons invaded England the people of the Fens fled to the islands of Ely, Rams-ey, Thorn-ey, and others, and for a considerable time they resisted successfully. At a later date the Saxons and Angles established their " Camp of Refuge " in the Isle of Ely, and under the leadership of Hereward they repeatedly routed their Norman oppressors, until the treachery of the ecclesiastics of Ely put an end to their resistance.* Eut the spirit of independence in the Fig. 110. — The Fens op Wisbeach and Peterborough. Scale 1 : 182,000.
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V >^ri,-. 5^^Xv%/-Stj* \: ^jf .A
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CONTENTS. I. General Features The B
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Diitish I
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U7. St. P.iuLs C'athf.dr.^l .... 1S
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i^5|SI«S' ^llrilillljlllil ! r- \
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2 THE BRITISH ISLES. by well-define
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4 THE BRITISH ISLES. In its general
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THE BEITISH ISLES. not without dang
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8 THE BEITISH ISLES. more minute su
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^'V
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10 THE BRITISH ISLE!?. affording ex
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12 THE BEITISH ISLES. chalk, this a
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14 THE BRITISH ISLES. Farther west
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16 THE BRITISH ISLE?. are to be pre
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IS THE BEITISn ISI.ES. In summer, w
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20 THE BRITISH ISLES winds are most
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22 THE BRITISH ISLES. The influence
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24 THE BEITISH ISLES. plants. The c
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26 THE BEITISH ISLES. stretclies. I
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28 THE BRITISH ISLES. songsters is
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30 THE BEITISH ISLES. habits. Of th
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32 THE BRITISH ISLES. southern port
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34 THE BRITISH ISLES. followed the
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36 TEE BEITISH ISLES. fluctuations
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38 THE BEITISH ISLES. tions?* Engli
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40 THE BPJTIsn KLES. thousand years
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42 THE BEITISn ISLES. As men of com
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ii THE BRITISH ISLES. famous as cli
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CHArTER II. WALES AND MONMOUTHSHIRE
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M 1 k: 3
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48 THE BEITISH ISLES. with"^e, and
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50 THE BEITISH ISLES. 80 feet, are
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52 THE BRITISH ISLES. surface featu
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. over the inha
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56 THE BEITISH ISLES. education. Th
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58 THE BEITISH ISLES. to extinction
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60 THE BEIITSH ISLES. Mercia, in 79
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62 THE BRITISH ISLES. the beautiful
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. Merionethshir
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66 THE BEITISH ISLES. Noctown, high
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68 THE BRITISH ISLES. Flemings, who
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70 THE BRITISH ISLES. south, known
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72 THE BEITISH ISLES. Wales contain
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74 THE BEITISH ISLES. extent, but s
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76 THE BRITISH ISLES. of the sea up
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78 THE BEITISH ISLES. the cliffs, a
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80 THE BRITISH ISLES. with it fogs,
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82 THE BEITISH ISLES. plugged up, t
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84 THE BRITISH ISLES. Topography. C
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8fi THE BRITISH ISLES. northern sid
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88 THE BRITISH ISLES. rolled into t
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90 THE BEITISU ISLES. above tier ou
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92 THE BRITISH I^^LES. at the foot
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94 TUli BEITLSn ISLES. modern build
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CHAPTER IV. THE BASIN OF THE SEA-EE
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98 THE BBinSH ISLES. the Severn and
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100 THE BEITISH ISLES. suddenness i
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SHEOPSHIEB. 101 activity, for whils
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SHEOPSHIRE. 103 Most of the antiqui
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WOECESTEESHIEE—WAEWICKSHIRE. 105
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WAEWICKSHTRE. 107 impoverished, was
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WARWICKSHIRE. ion Birmingham, the l
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Ill Its sbape is t
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 113 Xew Inn, an ol
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 115 Bristol is one
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GLOUCESTEESHIEE—HEEEFOEDSHIEE. 11
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SOMEESETSHIEE. 119 A small portion
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SOMERSETSHIRE. 121 tte church of St
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. where conflictin
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 125 is in realit
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 127 and clay, we
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THE CHAX>rEL SLOPE. 129 upon whose
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DORSETSHIRE. Ifjl communication by
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WILTSHIEE. 133 Salishury, the count
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^TLTSHIEE. 135 a seat of the Earl o
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HAMPSHIRE. 137 on the capacious bay
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^ J^" ^ «•.».. J^TT
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HAMPSHIEE. 139 ihe roadstead, are a
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SUSSEX. 141 the finest wheat and be
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SUSSEX. 143 way to tlie sea. A port
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SUSSEX. 145 Hastings, whose Scandin
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 147 Thames
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 149 regula
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 151 bouude
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OXPOEDSHIEE. 153 nei"-liboiiring co
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OXFORDSHIRE. 155 contain the univer
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BEEKBHIEE. 157 Thame, which was the
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BERKSHIEE. 159 than Eeadiug biscuit
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II t^^^ |fHl||!|l||H|l||J
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162 THE BEITISH ISLES. unequalled i
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164 THE BRITISH ISLES. Hitcliin and
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RYOFTHETHAMES
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166 TEE BRITISH ISLES. London has o
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168 THE BRITISH ISLES. case of a to
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170 the City and "Westminster becam
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172 THE BRITISH ISLES. in fertilisi
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m THE BETTISH ISLES. falls on Bagsl
Page 234 and 235: 17G TIIK BRITISH ISLES. confusion ;
Page 236 and 237: 178 THE BEITISH ISLES. quarters, al
Page 238 and 239: 180 THE BRITISH ISLES. a desire of
Page 240 and 241: 182 TIIE BRITISH ISLES. Of all the
Page 242 and 243: 181 THE BRITISH ISLES. Chatham, Pit
Page 244 and 245: 186 THE BRITISH ISLES. coldness, wh
Page 246 and 247: 188 THE BRITISH ISLES. bridge acros
Page 248 and 249: 190 THE BRITISH ISLES. irrespective
Page 250 and 251: 192 THE BRITISH ISLES. with the gre
Page 252 and 253: 194 THE BEITISH ISLES. fire-arms, m
Page 254 and 255: 196 THE BRITISH ISLES. West India D
Page 256 and 257: 198 THE BEITISH ISLES. drainao'e, t
Page 258 and 259: 200 THE BRITISH ISLES. moorish trac
Page 260 and 261: 202 THE BRITISH ISLES. those of Put
Page 262 and 263: 204 THE BRITISH ISLES. up from Grav
Page 264: 20fi THE BEITISH ISLES. gun-cotton
Page 268 and 269: 208 " faults." THE BEITISH ISLES. "
Page 270 and 271: 210 THE BRITISH ISLES. There are no
Page 272 and 273: CHAPTER VII. EAST ANGLIA. (Suffolk
Page 274 and 275: 214 THE BRITISH ISLES. have now dec
Page 276 and 277: 216 THE BEITISn ISLES. the town. Se
Page 278 and 279: 218 TILE BETTISH ISLES. and mustard
Page 280 and 281: CHAPTER VIII. THE BASIN OF THE WASH
Page 284 and 285: 221 THE BEITISH ISLES. most of tlio
Page 286: 22fi THE BRITISH ISLES. backs of th
Page 290 and 291: 228 THE BEITISH ISLES. fen land. Th
Page 292 and 293: 230 THE BRITISH ISLES much trade in
Page 294 and 295: 232 THE BRITISH ISLES. dral, which
Page 296 and 297: 234 THE BEITISn ISLES. north, and c
Page 298 and 299: 236 THE BRITISH ISLES. The coast di
Page 300 and 301: ! 288 THE BRITISH ISLES. the only t
Page 302: 240 THE BRITISH ISLES. of Oiron, bu
Page 306 and 307: 242 THE BRITISH ISLES. The best vie
Page 308 and 309: 244 THE BRITISH ISLES. Wye, in a bl
Page 310 and 311: 246 THE BRITISH ISLES. Netcark-iqMn
Page 312 and 313: 248 THE BRITISH ISLES. pleasant wal
Page 314 and 315: 250 THE BEITISH ISLES. dreariness.
Page 316: 252 THE BRITISH ISLES. name, is pro
Page 319 and 320: TOEKSHIEE. 253 tion of iron vessels
Page 321 and 322: YOEKSHIEE. 255 prophetess of the si
Page 323 and 324: YORKSHIRE. 237 glass houses, chemic
Page 325 and 326: TOEKSHIEE. 259 critic. The battle o
Page 327 and 328: CHAPTER X. THE BASINS OF THE MERSEY
Page 329 and 330: CHESHIEB. 263 their city Beca, afte
Page 331 and 332: LANCASmKE. 265 which supplies a pro
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LANOASniEE. 267 The coast of Lancas
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LANCASHIRE. 269 in England ; the Ex
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LANCASHTEK. 271 down, between Rinic
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LAXCASHXRE. 273 extend for 5 miles
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LAJSrCASHIEE. 275 have been raised
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LANCASHIRE. 277 of some note, whils
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CHAPTER XI. THE XORTH OF EXGLAXD, T
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 281 The torre
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 283 accounts
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WESTMOEELAND. 285 drain an importan
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CUMBERLAND. 287 "Waver, is remarkab
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DUEHAM. 289 of lead pencils. The Bo
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DUEHAM. 291 The only place of note
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 293 The mouth of th
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NOETHUMBEELAND. 295 boundary, it is
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 297 mass of columna
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CHAPTER XII. THE ISLE OF MAN. HE Is
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THE ISLE OF MAN. 301 inhabitants is
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SOUTHEKX SC'OTLAXD. 303 which it en
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 3O5 wliicli term
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SOUTHEEN SCOTLAND. 307 of Lucerne i
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 309 geological f
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 311 Under the fi
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DUiEFRZES-KIRKCUDBRIGHT. 313 Topogr
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BUTE-LANAEKSniEE. 815 is spanned by
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LANARKSHIRE. 817 the principal quar
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EENFEEWSniEE. 319 otter engineers t
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DUMBABTONSHIEE. 821 rock encloses r
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BERWICKSHIEE. 323 is known as Tevio
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Rugl-BTOi try El-tni-a Tan
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HADDINGTON—EDINBURGH. 325 Hadding
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EDINBUEGH. 827 Science and Art, mod
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STIELINGSHIEE—CLACKMANNAN. 329 St
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FIFE. 8S1 of water, Locli Leven, on
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j engineers CHAPTER XIV. NORTHERN S
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NORTHERN SCOTLAND. 835 marine range
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I ^ or j streams I XOETHEEX SCOTLAX
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NORTHEEN SCOTLAND. 339 ward—a pro
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XOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 311 Along many p
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NOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 843 If we Includ
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NOETHEEX SCOTLAND. 345 \isited Scot
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ISLE OF SKYE-THE EILT EOCK.
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318 THE BEITISU ISLES. Head, on the
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850 THE BPJTISH ISLES. five die in
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352 THE BRITISH ISLES. find ourselv
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354 TUB BRITISH ISLES. whicli surro
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350 THE BRITISH ISLES. the use of S
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358 THE BEITISH ISLES. inhabitants
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360 THE BEITISH ISLES. The soldiers
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302 THE BElTISn ISLES. the heat and
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864 THE BRITISH ISLES. The river Ea
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8GG THE BEITISH ISLES, Broughty Fer
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3G8 THE BEITISH LSLES. which traver
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370 THE BRITISH ISLES. hamlet of Ca
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372 THE BRITISH ISLES. summit of Me
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374 THE BRITISH ISLES. Fortrose, wi
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37G THE BRITISH ISLES. Caithness fo
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AEGYLLSniEE. 377 Earl of Caithness)
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IRELAND. 879 More than once the for
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lUELANT). 381 The most elevated mou
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lEELAXD. 383 does the valley of the
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lEELAND. 385 rust which covers it.
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lEELAND. 887 for many geological ag
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IRELAND. 389 enlarging their area,
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IRELAND. 391 and Slieve Nakilla on
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ICELAND. 393 ttose numerous indenta
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IEEL.VXD. 395 tionally wet years it
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TYPICAL IKISH.
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898 THE BPJTISn ISLES. lumdred year
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400 THE BEITISn ISLES. was 5,293 sq
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402 THE BEITISH ISLES. monuments of
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•104 TRE BEITISH ISLES. schools w
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406 THE BEITISn ISLES. to ancient r
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408 TUE BEITISn ISLES. the wages wl
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410 THE BRITISH ISLES. Act of 1870
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BAY
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412 THE BEITISH ISLES. legitimate k
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414 TTIE CEITISn ISLES. and boundin
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41G THE BEITISn ISLES. county town,
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418 TliK UKlTISn SLES. Ulster.—Ul
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420 TllE BEITISH ISLES. seated at i
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422 THE UKITIsn ISLES. spanned by a
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424 THE BEITISH ISLES. century. Emy
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420 THE BRITISn ISLES. themselves i
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428 open Atlantic. THE BEITISH ISLE
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430 THE BEITISH ISLEi valley of the
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MUNSTEE. 431 Bantnj, at the head of
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MUNSTEE. 433 is a place of some ind
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MUNSTER. 435 British Islands by an
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STATISTICS OF THE UXITED EINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS or THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOM. 4
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Page 561 and 562:
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STATISTICS OF THE LtNT:TED EIXGDOM.
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STATISTICS or THE UN-ITED KINGDOM.
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Page 569 and 570:
STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EIXGDOM. 4
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Page 573 and 574:
STATISTICS OF THE LTSTITED KINGDOM.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINODOAT.
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Page 581 and 582:
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOil.
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CHAPTER XYII. GOVERKMENT AND ADMINI
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GOVEENMENT AND APMINISTEATION. 477
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GOYEEXMEXT AND ADMIXISTRATIOX. 479
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GOVEENMENT AND ADMINISTEATION. 481
Page 595 and 596:
GOYEEXMENT AND ADMIXISTEATIOX. 483
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GOVEEXMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 485
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All towns of 2,500 inhabitants t Be
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NOETHAMPTOS NOKTHCMBER- LAXD . . Ar
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Worcester . Y0RK
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APPENDIX. 493
Page 607 and 608:
APPENDIX. 495 Agricultueal Statisti
Page 609 and 610:
APPENDIX. 497 Imports of Merchandis
Page 611:
APPENDIX. 490 Imports and Exports a
Page 614 and 615:
£02 APPENDIX. "\T:I.—STATISTICAL
Page 617 and 618:
Abberley Hills, 104 Abbeyleix, 416
Page 619 and 620:
.romvaril, 118 Broom, Loch, 342, 37
Page 621 and 622:
Dunglow, 424 Dunham Massey, 265 Dun
Page 623 and 624:
Kiiims. 337 Kainrsbiirgh. 315 Kaiit
Page 625 and 626:
Muuh Wenluck, 103 Muich Dhui, Bun,
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SUvermine Mcimtains, 382 Sittingbou
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kliSi^W*!"**^'! IK*
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