The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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THE BRITISH ISLES. ^aU But wMst the sea encroached at that spot upon the coast the land else- Tvhte has gained in extent. The strait which anciently separated the Isle of Th net frol the mainland of Kent has been silted up, the old island converted in': peninsula, and the river Stour no. traverses the site of the old WanWe^ Ivrn„o.1i which foreign ships sometimes passed on their way to ^ tat 1.11 ii »mp.,ed with the loss sustained nlong tie east shore towards fto j-jg. 84.—Good-win Saxds. Scale 1 : 175,000. close of the eleventh century, in consequence of a terrible hurricane, which also ravaged the coasts of Flanders and Holland. That storm, we are told, caused the vast estates of Earl Godwin to be swallowed up by the sea, their site bein- marked now by a crescent-shaped bank of sand, which lies about 5 miles off Deal and turns its convex side towards the open sea. Mariners dread these sands, for shipwrecks are frequent. The "great storm" of 1703, when four men-of-war, with 1,190 souls on board, were lost in a single night, and the
OXPOEDSHIEE. 153 nei"-liboiiring coast was covered with the wreckage of merchantmen, will long live in the memory of British sailors. Two attempts have been made to build a lighthouse upon this dreaded bank, but the work of man was incapable of resisting the power of the waves, and mariners must rest content with light- ships and buoys, which mark its contour. The roadstead between the Goodwin Sands and Deal is known as the Downs. It aflPords shelter to vessels during storms, and as many as five hundred have been waiting here for favourable weather to continue their voyage down Channel or to the north. The ten counties lying wholly or for the greater part in the basin of the Thames are almost exclusively agricultural. Neither coal nor iron, which might have given rise to a manufacturing industry similar to that of the north, is found. Yet London, which has gathered within its boundaries more than half the population of the whole basirt and a few other towns of less note, are indis- putably seats of industry ; and the metropolis, thanks to its noble river, its densely packed population, and its command of capital, will always be able to maintain its pre-eminence as " universi orbis terrarum emporium." Fishing adds to the resources of the counties bordering upon the German Ocean. Topography. Eastern Gloucestershire and North-eastern Wiltshire are within the basin of the Thames, but their principal towns having already been described (see pp. 117, 136), we at once pass to a consideration of Oxfordshire. Oxfordshire lies to the north of the Thames, between Gloucestershire and Buckinghamshire, and consists of level or slightly undulating land, for the most part under tillage. The northern portion of the county is occupied by the Edge Hills, a continuation of the oolitic Cotswolds, presenting a bold escarpment towards the vale of the Ayou. These uplands give rise to the Windrush, Evenlode, and Cherwell, which flow to the Thames. At Oxford the latter river abruptly turns to the south, and passes through a gap at the foot of the Chiltern Hills, which occupy the south-eastern corner of the county. Agricidture and dairy husbandry are the principal sources of wealth, barley for malting and butter being amongst the most important products. The manufactures are imimportant but if the coal underlying the oolite, and reached by a boring made at Burford, should one day be worked, Oxfordshire may be transformed from a purely agricultural region into a land of manufactures. Oxford, in many of its buildings, still presents the features of a mediaeval city. It almost looks as if Time had not touched it for four or five centuries. Its monuments of the past, however, have not become ruins, for they are maintained with religious care, and present the appearance of only having recently left the hands of the architect. StiU the limestone of which most of them have been constructed shows marks of decay, and many a column originally decorated with elaborate carvings has become an unshapely mass of stone. This decay, however, has nowhere degenerated into ruin, and numerous finely carved facades, with ivy clinging to their ;
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V >^ri,-. 5^^Xv%/-Stj* \: ^jf .A
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^\-.
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CONTENTS. I. General Features The B
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Diitish I
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U7. St. P.iuLs C'athf.dr.^l .... 1S
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i^5|SI«S' ^llrilillljlllil ! r- \
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2 THE BRITISH ISLES. by well-define
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4 THE BRITISH ISLES. In its general
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THE BEITISH ISLES. not without dang
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8 THE BEITISH ISLES. more minute su
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^'V
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10 THE BRITISH ISLE!?. affording ex
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12 THE BEITISH ISLES. chalk, this a
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14 THE BRITISH ISLES. Farther west
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16 THE BRITISH ISLE?. are to be pre
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IS THE BEITISn ISI.ES. In summer, w
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20 THE BRITISH ISLES winds are most
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22 THE BRITISH ISLES. The influence
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24 THE BEITISH ISLES. plants. The c
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26 THE BEITISH ISLES. stretclies. I
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28 THE BRITISH ISLES. songsters is
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30 THE BEITISH ISLES. habits. Of th
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32 THE BRITISH ISLES. southern port
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34 THE BRITISH ISLES. followed the
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36 TEE BEITISH ISLES. fluctuations
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38 THE BEITISH ISLES. tions?* Engli
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40 THE BPJTIsn KLES. thousand years
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42 THE BEITISn ISLES. As men of com
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ii THE BRITISH ISLES. famous as cli
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CHArTER II. WALES AND MONMOUTHSHIRE
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M 1 k: 3
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48 THE BEITISH ISLES. with"^e, and
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50 THE BEITISH ISLES. 80 feet, are
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52 THE BRITISH ISLES. surface featu
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. over the inha
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56 THE BEITISH ISLES. education. Th
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58 THE BEITISH ISLES. to extinction
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60 THE BEIITSH ISLES. Mercia, in 79
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62 THE BRITISH ISLES. the beautiful
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. Merionethshir
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66 THE BEITISH ISLES. Noctown, high
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68 THE BRITISH ISLES. Flemings, who
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70 THE BRITISH ISLES. south, known
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72 THE BEITISH ISLES. Wales contain
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74 THE BEITISH ISLES. extent, but s
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76 THE BRITISH ISLES. of the sea up
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78 THE BEITISH ISLES. the cliffs, a
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80 THE BRITISH ISLES. with it fogs,
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82 THE BEITISH ISLES. plugged up, t
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84 THE BRITISH ISLES. Topography. C
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8fi THE BRITISH ISLES. northern sid
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88 THE BRITISH ISLES. rolled into t
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90 THE BEITISU ISLES. above tier ou
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92 THE BRITISH I^^LES. at the foot
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94 TUli BEITLSn ISLES. modern build
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CHAPTER IV. THE BASIN OF THE SEA-EE
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98 THE BBinSH ISLES. the Severn and
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100 THE BEITISH ISLES. suddenness i
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SHEOPSHIEB. 101 activity, for whils
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SHEOPSHIRE. 103 Most of the antiqui
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WOECESTEESHIEE—WAEWICKSHIRE. 105
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WAEWICKSHTRE. 107 impoverished, was
Page 149 and 150: WARWICKSHIRE. ion Birmingham, the l
Page 151 and 152: GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Ill Its sbape is t
Page 153 and 154: GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 113 Xew Inn, an ol
Page 155 and 156: GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 115 Bristol is one
Page 157 and 158: GLOUCESTEESHIEE—HEEEFOEDSHIEE. 11
Page 159 and 160: SOMEESETSHIEE. 119 A small portion
Page 161 and 162: SOMERSETSHIRE. 121 tte church of St
Page 163 and 164: THE CHANNEL SLOPE. where conflictin
Page 165 and 166: THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 125 is in realit
Page 167 and 168: THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 127 and clay, we
Page 169 and 170: THE CHAX>rEL SLOPE. 129 upon whose
Page 173 and 174: DORSETSHIRE. Ifjl communication by
Page 175 and 176: WILTSHIEE. 133 Salishury, the count
Page 177 and 178: ^TLTSHIEE. 135 a seat of the Earl o
Page 179 and 180: HAMPSHIRE. 137 on the capacious bay
Page 182 and 183: ^ J^" ^ «•.».. J^TT
Page 185 and 186: HAMPSHIEE. 139 ihe roadstead, are a
Page 189 and 190: SUSSEX. 141 the finest wheat and be
Page 191 and 192: SUSSEX. 143 way to tlie sea. A port
Page 193 and 194: SUSSEX. 145 Hastings, whose Scandin
Page 195 and 196: THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 147 Thames
Page 197 and 198: THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 149 regula
Page 199: THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 151 bouude
Page 205 and 206: OXFORDSHIRE. 155 contain the univer
Page 207 and 208: BEEKBHIEE. 157 Thame, which was the
Page 209 and 210: BERKSHIEE. 159 than Eeadiug biscuit
Page 211: II t^^^ |fHl||!|l||H|l||J
Page 214 and 215: 162 THE BEITISH ISLES. unequalled i
Page 216: 164 THE BRITISH ISLES. Hitcliin and
Page 219: RYOFTHETHAMES
Page 222 and 223: 166 TEE BRITISH ISLES. London has o
Page 224 and 225: 168 THE BRITISH ISLES. case of a to
Page 226 and 227: 170 the City and "Westminster becam
Page 228 and 229: 172 THE BRITISH ISLES. in fertilisi
Page 230: m THE BETTISH ISLES. falls on Bagsl
Page 234 and 235: 17G TIIK BRITISH ISLES. confusion ;
Page 236 and 237: 178 THE BEITISH ISLES. quarters, al
Page 238 and 239: 180 THE BRITISH ISLES. a desire of
Page 240 and 241: 182 TIIE BRITISH ISLES. Of all the
Page 242 and 243: 181 THE BRITISH ISLES. Chatham, Pit
Page 244 and 245: 186 THE BRITISH ISLES. coldness, wh
Page 246 and 247: 188 THE BRITISH ISLES. bridge acros
Page 248 and 249: 190 THE BRITISH ISLES. irrespective
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192 THE BRITISH ISLES. with the gre
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194 THE BEITISH ISLES. fire-arms, m
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196 THE BRITISH ISLES. West India D
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198 THE BEITISH ISLES. drainao'e, t
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200 THE BRITISH ISLES. moorish trac
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202 THE BRITISH ISLES. those of Put
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204 THE BRITISH ISLES. up from Grav
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20fi THE BEITISH ISLES. gun-cotton
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208 " faults." THE BEITISH ISLES. "
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210 THE BRITISH ISLES. There are no
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CHAPTER VII. EAST ANGLIA. (Suffolk
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214 THE BRITISH ISLES. have now dec
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216 THE BEITISn ISLES. the town. Se
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218 TILE BETTISH ISLES. and mustard
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CHAPTER VIII. THE BASIN OF THE WASH
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222 THE BRITISH ISLES. residence of
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221 THE BEITISH ISLES. most of tlio
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22fi THE BRITISH ISLES. backs of th
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228 THE BEITISH ISLES. fen land. Th
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230 THE BRITISH ISLES much trade in
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232 THE BRITISH ISLES. dral, which
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234 THE BEITISn ISLES. north, and c
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236 THE BRITISH ISLES. The coast di
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! 288 THE BRITISH ISLES. the only t
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240 THE BRITISH ISLES. of Oiron, bu
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242 THE BRITISH ISLES. The best vie
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244 THE BRITISH ISLES. Wye, in a bl
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246 THE BRITISH ISLES. Netcark-iqMn
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248 THE BRITISH ISLES. pleasant wal
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250 THE BEITISH ISLES. dreariness.
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252 THE BRITISH ISLES. name, is pro
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TOEKSHIEE. 253 tion of iron vessels
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YOEKSHIEE. 255 prophetess of the si
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YORKSHIRE. 237 glass houses, chemic
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TOEKSHIEE. 259 critic. The battle o
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CHAPTER X. THE BASINS OF THE MERSEY
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CHESHIEB. 263 their city Beca, afte
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LANCASmKE. 265 which supplies a pro
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LANOASniEE. 267 The coast of Lancas
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LANCASHIRE. 269 in England ; the Ex
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LANCASHTEK. 271 down, between Rinic
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LAXCASHXRE. 273 extend for 5 miles
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LAJSrCASHIEE. 275 have been raised
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LANCASHIRE. 277 of some note, whils
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CHAPTER XI. THE XORTH OF EXGLAXD, T
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 281 The torre
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 283 accounts
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WESTMOEELAND. 285 drain an importan
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CUMBERLAND. 287 "Waver, is remarkab
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DUEHAM. 289 of lead pencils. The Bo
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DUEHAM. 291 The only place of note
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 293 The mouth of th
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NOETHUMBEELAND. 295 boundary, it is
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 297 mass of columna
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CHAPTER XII. THE ISLE OF MAN. HE Is
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THE ISLE OF MAN. 301 inhabitants is
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SOUTHEKX SC'OTLAXD. 303 which it en
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 3O5 wliicli term
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SOUTHEEN SCOTLAND. 307 of Lucerne i
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 309 geological f
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 311 Under the fi
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DUiEFRZES-KIRKCUDBRIGHT. 313 Topogr
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BUTE-LANAEKSniEE. 815 is spanned by
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LANARKSHIRE. 817 the principal quar
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EENFEEWSniEE. 319 otter engineers t
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DUMBABTONSHIEE. 821 rock encloses r
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BERWICKSHIEE. 323 is known as Tevio
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Rugl-BTOi try El-tni-a Tan
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HADDINGTON—EDINBURGH. 325 Hadding
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EDINBUEGH. 827 Science and Art, mod
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STIELINGSHIEE—CLACKMANNAN. 329 St
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FIFE. 8S1 of water, Locli Leven, on
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j engineers CHAPTER XIV. NORTHERN S
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NORTHERN SCOTLAND. 835 marine range
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I ^ or j streams I XOETHEEX SCOTLAX
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NORTHEEN SCOTLAND. 339 ward—a pro
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XOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 311 Along many p
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NOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 843 If we Includ
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NOETHEEX SCOTLAND. 345 \isited Scot
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ISLE OF SKYE-THE EILT EOCK.
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318 THE BEITISU ISLES. Head, on the
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850 THE BPJTISH ISLES. five die in
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352 THE BRITISH ISLES. find ourselv
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354 TUB BRITISH ISLES. whicli surro
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350 THE BRITISH ISLES. the use of S
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358 THE BEITISH ISLES. inhabitants
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360 THE BEITISH ISLES. The soldiers
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302 THE BElTISn ISLES. the heat and
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864 THE BRITISH ISLES. The river Ea
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8GG THE BEITISH ISLES, Broughty Fer
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3G8 THE BEITISH LSLES. which traver
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370 THE BRITISH ISLES. hamlet of Ca
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372 THE BRITISH ISLES. summit of Me
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374 THE BRITISH ISLES. Fortrose, wi
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37G THE BRITISH ISLES. Caithness fo
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AEGYLLSniEE. 377 Earl of Caithness)
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IRELAND. 879 More than once the for
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lUELANT). 381 The most elevated mou
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lEELAXD. 383 does the valley of the
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lEELAND. 385 rust which covers it.
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lEELAND. 887 for many geological ag
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IRELAND. 389 enlarging their area,
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IRELAND. 391 and Slieve Nakilla on
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ICELAND. 393 ttose numerous indenta
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IEEL.VXD. 395 tionally wet years it
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TYPICAL IKISH.
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898 THE BPJTISn ISLES. lumdred year
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400 THE BEITISn ISLES. was 5,293 sq
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402 THE BEITISH ISLES. monuments of
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•104 TRE BEITISH ISLES. schools w
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406 THE BEITISn ISLES. to ancient r
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408 TUE BEITISn ISLES. the wages wl
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410 THE BRITISH ISLES. Act of 1870
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BAY
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412 THE BEITISH ISLES. legitimate k
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414 TTIE CEITISn ISLES. and boundin
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41G THE BEITISn ISLES. county town,
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418 TliK UKlTISn SLES. Ulster.—Ul
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420 TllE BEITISH ISLES. seated at i
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422 THE UKITIsn ISLES. spanned by a
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424 THE BEITISH ISLES. century. Emy
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420 THE BRITISn ISLES. themselves i
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428 open Atlantic. THE BEITISH ISLE
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430 THE BEITISH ISLEi valley of the
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MUNSTEE. 431 Bantnj, at the head of
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MUNSTEE. 433 is a place of some ind
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MUNSTER. 435 British Islands by an
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STATISTICS OF THE UXITED EINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS or THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE LtNT:TED EIXGDOM.
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STATISTICS or THE UN-ITED KINGDOM.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EIXGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE LTSTITED KINGDOM.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINODOAT.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOil.
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CHAPTER XYII. GOVERKMENT AND ADMINI
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GOVEENMENT AND APMINISTEATION. 477
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GOYEEXMEXT AND ADMIXISTRATIOX. 479
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GOVEENMENT AND ADMINISTEATION. 481
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GOYEEXMENT AND ADMIXISTEATIOX. 483
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GOVEEXMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 485
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All towns of 2,500 inhabitants t Be
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NOETHAMPTOS NOKTHCMBER- LAXD . . Ar
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Worcester . Y0RK
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APPENDIX. 493
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APPENDIX. 495 Agricultueal Statisti
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APPENDIX. 497 Imports of Merchandis
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APPENDIX. 490 Imports and Exports a
Page 614 and 615:
£02 APPENDIX. "\T:I.—STATISTICAL
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Abberley Hills, 104 Abbeyleix, 416
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.romvaril, 118 Broom, Loch, 342, 37
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Dunglow, 424 Dunham Massey, 265 Dun
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Kiiims. 337 Kainrsbiirgh. 315 Kaiit
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Muuh Wenluck, 103 Muich Dhui, Bun,
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SUvermine Mcimtains, 382 Sittingbou
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kliSi^W*!"**^'! IK*
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