The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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454 THE BEITlSn ISLES. over £43,000,000* At present this quantity is yery nearly equal to what is raised in all the rest of the world, but the time has not long passed since the pre- ponderance of England as a coal-producing countr}^ was still more marked, for in 1860 the British Islands yielded fully two-thirds of all the coal raised throughout Fig. 225. — The C.\UBOxiFERors Foemation before Denudatiox. Aconrdin^ to Hull.
STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 455 tions, the relative importance of the English coal mines has become less, and the political economists of England were justified in busying themselves with this coal question after Professor Jevons had raised his cry of alarm.* There is no fear, of course, of the stores of coal becoming altogether exhausted, for down to a depth of 4,000 feet they are estimated to amount to no loss than 146 milliards of tons. That which causes apprehension is the proximate exhaustion of those coal seams which lie nearest to the surface, for the cost of raising the coal increases with the depth to which the miner has to descend in search of it, and the working of the •mines may in the end prove unremunerative. Several of the coal basins—as, for instance, that of Coalbrookdale—have already been partiajly abandoned ; others, including that of South Staffordshire, will probably be worked out by the end of the nineteenth century. In the meantime other countries whose coal basins are superior in extent to those of the British Islands might come to the front, and deprive England of her pre-eminence as a coal-producing countrj'.f The coal- mine owners are very largely dependent upon manufacturers for their prosperity, for the crises which disturb the industrial world always exercise an influence upon the cost of the fuel consumed in the factories. Hence, notwithstanding the quantity of coal raised or exported exhibits an increase, the money paid for it may have been less, and such has virtually been the case of late. France for many years to come will no doubt remain England's best customer for coal, owing to the irregular distribution of her stores of fuel ; but other markets may be shut through a slight displacement of the balance of trade. The coal trade is, moreover, one of those which suffers most from strikes, and is attended with the greatest risk to human life. The precautions now taken to prevent accidents are no doubt greater than formerly, but nevertheless of the thousand miners who are annually killed in the underground galleries of England and Scotland, the vast majority perish in coal mines. Of the coal raised about one-sixth is used for domestic purposes ; a third is employed to feed the engines of factories, steamboats, and railways ; and over one- fourth is consumed in the manufacture of iron. Most of the iron ore occurs in the neighbourhood of the coal beds, and this is a capital advantage. The iron industry of England is of paramount importance, for it supplies about one-half of the cast iron employed throughout the civilised world. + It has often been said that the consumption of iron affords a true gauge b}'' which to measure the prosperity of a country, and there is a great deal of truth in this. Up to 1740 the iron manufacturers of England only made use of charcoal in their smelting works ; but after the first successful experiments had been made with mineral coal, charcoal gradually became disused, and by 1796 had been almost completely abandoned. Siace then * Jevons, " The Coal Question," 1866. t Principal coal basins of the world, according to Neumann-Spallart : China . . 193,460 square miles. United States 192,380 „ Hindustan . 34,730 „ British Isles . 8,930 „ Germany . J Say 7,000,000 tons out of a total production of 14,000,000 tons. —
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V >^ri,-. 5^^Xv%/-Stj* \: ^jf .A
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CONTENTS. I. General Features The B
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Diitish I
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U7. St. P.iuLs C'athf.dr.^l .... 1S
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i^5|SI«S' ^llrilillljlllil ! r- \
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2 THE BRITISH ISLES. by well-define
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4 THE BRITISH ISLES. In its general
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THE BEITISH ISLES. not without dang
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8 THE BEITISH ISLES. more minute su
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^'V
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10 THE BRITISH ISLE!?. affording ex
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12 THE BEITISH ISLES. chalk, this a
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14 THE BRITISH ISLES. Farther west
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16 THE BRITISH ISLE?. are to be pre
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IS THE BEITISn ISI.ES. In summer, w
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20 THE BRITISH ISLES winds are most
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22 THE BRITISH ISLES. The influence
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24 THE BEITISH ISLES. plants. The c
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26 THE BEITISH ISLES. stretclies. I
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28 THE BRITISH ISLES. songsters is
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30 THE BEITISH ISLES. habits. Of th
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32 THE BRITISH ISLES. southern port
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34 THE BRITISH ISLES. followed the
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36 TEE BEITISH ISLES. fluctuations
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38 THE BEITISH ISLES. tions?* Engli
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40 THE BPJTIsn KLES. thousand years
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42 THE BEITISn ISLES. As men of com
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ii THE BRITISH ISLES. famous as cli
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CHArTER II. WALES AND MONMOUTHSHIRE
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M 1 k: 3
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48 THE BEITISH ISLES. with"^e, and
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50 THE BEITISH ISLES. 80 feet, are
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52 THE BRITISH ISLES. surface featu
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. over the inha
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56 THE BEITISH ISLES. education. Th
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58 THE BEITISH ISLES. to extinction
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60 THE BEIITSH ISLES. Mercia, in 79
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62 THE BRITISH ISLES. the beautiful
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. Merionethshir
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66 THE BEITISH ISLES. Noctown, high
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68 THE BRITISH ISLES. Flemings, who
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70 THE BRITISH ISLES. south, known
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72 THE BEITISH ISLES. Wales contain
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74 THE BEITISH ISLES. extent, but s
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76 THE BRITISH ISLES. of the sea up
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78 THE BEITISH ISLES. the cliffs, a
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80 THE BRITISH ISLES. with it fogs,
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82 THE BEITISH ISLES. plugged up, t
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84 THE BRITISH ISLES. Topography. C
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8fi THE BRITISH ISLES. northern sid
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88 THE BRITISH ISLES. rolled into t
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90 THE BEITISU ISLES. above tier ou
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92 THE BRITISH I^^LES. at the foot
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94 TUli BEITLSn ISLES. modern build
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CHAPTER IV. THE BASIN OF THE SEA-EE
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98 THE BBinSH ISLES. the Severn and
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100 THE BEITISH ISLES. suddenness i
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SHEOPSHIEB. 101 activity, for whils
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SHEOPSHIRE. 103 Most of the antiqui
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WOECESTEESHIEE—WAEWICKSHIRE. 105
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WAEWICKSHTRE. 107 impoverished, was
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WARWICKSHIRE. ion Birmingham, the l
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Ill Its sbape is t
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 113 Xew Inn, an ol
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 115 Bristol is one
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GLOUCESTEESHIEE—HEEEFOEDSHIEE. 11
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SOMEESETSHIEE. 119 A small portion
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SOMERSETSHIRE. 121 tte church of St
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. where conflictin
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 125 is in realit
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 127 and clay, we
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THE CHAX>rEL SLOPE. 129 upon whose
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DORSETSHIRE. Ifjl communication by
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WILTSHIEE. 133 Salishury, the count
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^TLTSHIEE. 135 a seat of the Earl o
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HAMPSHIRE. 137 on the capacious bay
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^ J^" ^ «•.».. J^TT
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HAMPSHIEE. 139 ihe roadstead, are a
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SUSSEX. 141 the finest wheat and be
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SUSSEX. 143 way to tlie sea. A port
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SUSSEX. 145 Hastings, whose Scandin
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 147 Thames
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 149 regula
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 151 bouude
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OXPOEDSHIEE. 153 nei"-liboiiring co
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OXFORDSHIRE. 155 contain the univer
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BEEKBHIEE. 157 Thame, which was the
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BERKSHIEE. 159 than Eeadiug biscuit
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II t^^^ |fHl||!|l||H|l||J
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162 THE BEITISH ISLES. unequalled i
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164 THE BRITISH ISLES. Hitcliin and
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RYOFTHETHAMES
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166 TEE BRITISH ISLES. London has o
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168 THE BRITISH ISLES. case of a to
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170 the City and "Westminster becam
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172 THE BRITISH ISLES. in fertilisi
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m THE BETTISH ISLES. falls on Bagsl
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17G TIIK BRITISH ISLES. confusion ;
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178 THE BEITISH ISLES. quarters, al
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180 THE BRITISH ISLES. a desire of
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182 TIIE BRITISH ISLES. Of all the
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181 THE BRITISH ISLES. Chatham, Pit
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186 THE BRITISH ISLES. coldness, wh
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188 THE BRITISH ISLES. bridge acros
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190 THE BRITISH ISLES. irrespective
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192 THE BRITISH ISLES. with the gre
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194 THE BEITISH ISLES. fire-arms, m
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196 THE BRITISH ISLES. West India D
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198 THE BEITISH ISLES. drainao'e, t
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200 THE BRITISH ISLES. moorish trac
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202 THE BRITISH ISLES. those of Put
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204 THE BRITISH ISLES. up from Grav
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20fi THE BEITISH ISLES. gun-cotton
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208 " faults." THE BEITISH ISLES. "
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210 THE BRITISH ISLES. There are no
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CHAPTER VII. EAST ANGLIA. (Suffolk
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214 THE BRITISH ISLES. have now dec
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216 THE BEITISn ISLES. the town. Se
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218 TILE BETTISH ISLES. and mustard
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CHAPTER VIII. THE BASIN OF THE WASH
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222 THE BRITISH ISLES. residence of
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221 THE BEITISH ISLES. most of tlio
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22fi THE BRITISH ISLES. backs of th
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228 THE BEITISH ISLES. fen land. Th
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230 THE BRITISH ISLES much trade in
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232 THE BRITISH ISLES. dral, which
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234 THE BEITISn ISLES. north, and c
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236 THE BRITISH ISLES. The coast di
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! 288 THE BRITISH ISLES. the only t
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240 THE BRITISH ISLES. of Oiron, bu
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242 THE BRITISH ISLES. The best vie
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244 THE BRITISH ISLES. Wye, in a bl
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246 THE BRITISH ISLES. Netcark-iqMn
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248 THE BRITISH ISLES. pleasant wal
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250 THE BEITISH ISLES. dreariness.
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252 THE BRITISH ISLES. name, is pro
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TOEKSHIEE. 253 tion of iron vessels
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YOEKSHIEE. 255 prophetess of the si
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YORKSHIRE. 237 glass houses, chemic
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TOEKSHIEE. 259 critic. The battle o
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CHAPTER X. THE BASINS OF THE MERSEY
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CHESHIEB. 263 their city Beca, afte
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LANCASmKE. 265 which supplies a pro
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LANOASniEE. 267 The coast of Lancas
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LANCASHIRE. 269 in England ; the Ex
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LANCASHTEK. 271 down, between Rinic
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LAXCASHXRE. 273 extend for 5 miles
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LAJSrCASHIEE. 275 have been raised
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LANCASHIRE. 277 of some note, whils
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CHAPTER XI. THE XORTH OF EXGLAXD, T
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 281 The torre
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 283 accounts
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WESTMOEELAND. 285 drain an importan
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CUMBERLAND. 287 "Waver, is remarkab
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DUEHAM. 289 of lead pencils. The Bo
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DUEHAM. 291 The only place of note
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 293 The mouth of th
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NOETHUMBEELAND. 295 boundary, it is
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 297 mass of columna
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CHAPTER XII. THE ISLE OF MAN. HE Is
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THE ISLE OF MAN. 301 inhabitants is
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SOUTHEKX SC'OTLAXD. 303 which it en
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 3O5 wliicli term
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SOUTHEEN SCOTLAND. 307 of Lucerne i
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 309 geological f
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 311 Under the fi
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DUiEFRZES-KIRKCUDBRIGHT. 313 Topogr
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BUTE-LANAEKSniEE. 815 is spanned by
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LANARKSHIRE. 817 the principal quar
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EENFEEWSniEE. 319 otter engineers t
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DUMBABTONSHIEE. 821 rock encloses r
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BERWICKSHIEE. 323 is known as Tevio
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Rugl-BTOi try El-tni-a Tan
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HADDINGTON—EDINBURGH. 325 Hadding
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EDINBUEGH. 827 Science and Art, mod
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STIELINGSHIEE—CLACKMANNAN. 329 St
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FIFE. 8S1 of water, Locli Leven, on
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j engineers CHAPTER XIV. NORTHERN S
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NORTHERN SCOTLAND. 835 marine range
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I ^ or j streams I XOETHEEX SCOTLAX
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NORTHEEN SCOTLAND. 339 ward—a pro
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XOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 311 Along many p
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NOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 843 If we Includ
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NOETHEEX SCOTLAND. 345 \isited Scot
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ISLE OF SKYE-THE EILT EOCK.
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318 THE BEITISU ISLES. Head, on the
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850 THE BPJTISH ISLES. five die in
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352 THE BRITISH ISLES. find ourselv
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354 TUB BRITISH ISLES. whicli surro
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350 THE BRITISH ISLES. the use of S
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358 THE BEITISH ISLES. inhabitants
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360 THE BEITISH ISLES. The soldiers
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302 THE BElTISn ISLES. the heat and
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864 THE BRITISH ISLES. The river Ea
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8GG THE BEITISH ISLES, Broughty Fer
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3G8 THE BEITISH LSLES. which traver
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370 THE BRITISH ISLES. hamlet of Ca
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372 THE BRITISH ISLES. summit of Me
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374 THE BRITISH ISLES. Fortrose, wi
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37G THE BRITISH ISLES. Caithness fo
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AEGYLLSniEE. 377 Earl of Caithness)
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IRELAND. 879 More than once the for
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lUELANT). 381 The most elevated mou
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lEELAXD. 383 does the valley of the
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lEELAND. 385 rust which covers it.
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lEELAND. 887 for many geological ag
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IRELAND. 389 enlarging their area,
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IRELAND. 391 and Slieve Nakilla on
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ICELAND. 393 ttose numerous indenta
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IEEL.VXD. 395 tionally wet years it
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TYPICAL IKISH.
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898 THE BPJTISn ISLES. lumdred year
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400 THE BEITISn ISLES. was 5,293 sq
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402 THE BEITISH ISLES. monuments of
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•104 TRE BEITISH ISLES. schools w
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406 THE BEITISn ISLES. to ancient r
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408 TUE BEITISn ISLES. the wages wl
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410 THE BRITISH ISLES. Act of 1870
Page 515: BAY
Page 518 and 519: 412 THE BEITISH ISLES. legitimate k
Page 520 and 521: 414 TTIE CEITISn ISLES. and boundin
Page 522 and 523: 41G THE BEITISn ISLES. county town,
Page 524 and 525: 418 TliK UKlTISn SLES. Ulster.—Ul
Page 526 and 527: 420 TllE BEITISH ISLES. seated at i
Page 528 and 529: 422 THE UKITIsn ISLES. spanned by a
Page 530 and 531: 424 THE BEITISH ISLES. century. Emy
Page 532 and 533: 420 THE BRITISn ISLES. themselves i
Page 534: 428 open Atlantic. THE BEITISH ISLE
Page 538: 430 THE BEITISH ISLEi valley of the
Page 543 and 544: MUNSTEE. 431 Bantnj, at the head of
Page 545 and 546: MUNSTEE. 433 is a place of some ind
Page 547 and 548: MUNSTER. 435 British Islands by an
Page 549 and 550: STATISTICS OF THE UXITED EINGDOM. 4
Page 551 and 552: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
Page 555 and 556: STATISTICS or THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
Page 557 and 558: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOM. 4
Page 563 and 564: STATISTICS OF THE LtNT:TED EIXGDOM.
Page 565: STATISTICS or THE UN-ITED KINGDOM.
Page 569 and 570: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EIXGDOM. 4
Page 573 and 574: STATISTICS OF THE LTSTITED KINGDOM.
Page 575 and 576: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EINGDOM. 4
Page 577 and 578: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINODOAT.
Page 583 and 584: STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOil.
Page 587 and 588: CHAPTER XYII. GOVERKMENT AND ADMINI
Page 589 and 590: GOVEENMENT AND APMINISTEATION. 477
Page 591 and 592: GOYEEXMEXT AND ADMIXISTRATIOX. 479
Page 593 and 594: GOVEENMENT AND ADMINISTEATION. 481
Page 595 and 596: GOYEEXMENT AND ADMIXISTEATIOX. 483
Page 597 and 598: GOVEEXMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 485
Page 599 and 600: All towns of 2,500 inhabitants t Be
Page 601 and 602: NOETHAMPTOS NOKTHCMBER- LAXD . . Ar
Page 603 and 604: Worcester . Y0RK
Page 605 and 606: APPENDIX. 493
Page 607 and 608: APPENDIX. 495 Agricultueal Statisti
Page 609 and 610: APPENDIX. 497 Imports of Merchandis
Page 611: APPENDIX. 490 Imports and Exports a
Page 614 and 615: £02 APPENDIX. "\T:I.—STATISTICAL
Page 617 and 618:
Abberley Hills, 104 Abbeyleix, 416
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.romvaril, 118 Broom, Loch, 342, 37
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Dunglow, 424 Dunham Massey, 265 Dun
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Kiiims. 337 Kainrsbiirgh. 315 Kaiit
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Muuh Wenluck, 103 Muich Dhui, Bun,
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SUvermine Mcimtains, 382 Sittingbou
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kliSi^W*!"**^'! IK*
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