The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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56 THE BEITISH ISLES. education. Their principality, together with the neighbouring county of Lancashire, exhibits the blackest tint on a map showing the state of illiteracy.* "Welsh, though a guttural language, is nevertheless Ml of harmony. Its chief feature consists in the mutation of certain consonants at the beginnin g of words, and it bears a greater resemblance to the Breton of Armorica and ancient C!ornish than to the Graelic spoken in Scotland and Ireland.t The language is in a better state of preservation than Breton, and boasts of a literature incomparably richer. Theological works occupy a prominent place, and it is probably owing to the zeal of preachers bent upon the saving of souls that "Welsh has not fallen into disuse.+ The first "Welsh book was printed in 1546. This was merely an almanac, but it was succeeded, in the following year, by the first English-"V\^elsh dictionary. During the present century "Welsh literature has been enriched with periodical publications, journals, and reviews, besides numerous popular songs and tales discovered in the libraries of the country. But many other precious documents, still hidden away in libraries, ought to be published, for it was from "Wales that mediaeval Europe received the traditions and poems of Arthur's Round Table. The study of ancient "Welsh is now pursued by many savants, and not only brings to light literary fragments of high value, but also exercises an important influence upon the study of other Celtic languages, including even those which survive only in the names of places. As to the Welsh themselves, they have an abiding love for their ancient language, and cling to it with great tenacity. The eisteddfodau, or musical and literary meetings, which have taken the place of the ancient gorsedd, or coui-t of justice, held by the Druids, are highly popular. Tradition names King Arthur—magician, priest, and king—as having instituted these meetings, and awarded prizes to the best players on the tehjn, or "Welsh harp. Even now the victorious bards, musicians, and singers are frequently crowned in his name, and the president, standing upon a cromlech, still opens the proceedings by pronouncing the time-honoured and noble formula of " The Truth against the "World." § So great is the love which the "Welshman bears his mother tongue, that these eisteddfodau are held not in "Wales only, where the language is spoken by over 900,000 persons,|| but also at Birkenhead, in the • Lord Aterdare, at the Eisteddfod of Birkcnliead, in 1878. t Latham, "Ethnology of the British Islands." X H. Gaidoz, Eevue des Deux-Mondu, 3Iay 1st, 1876, § Alfred Emy et Henri Martin, " Tour du monde," t. xv. 1867. 11 Geographical Distkibution of the "Welsh-speaking Populattox of "Wales. Persons Districts in which Welsh is spoken by a majority ..... Districts in which it is spoken hy 2.5 to 50 per cent. .... Districts in which it is spoken by less than 2-5 per cent, of the inhabitants .... Total Aiea. Sq. M.
WALES. 57 New World, and even in Australia. "Wherever Welsh emigrants settle down in numbers, the Cymraeg is spoken side by side with Sassenach, or Saxon. At Liverpool there are some twenty chapels in which the services are conducted in Welsh, and a journal is published in Cymraeg.* The Welsh in the United States occasionally meet in order to sing and declaim in the language of the ancient Fig. 28. — Linguistic Map of Wales. Sy E. G. Ravenstein. Proportion of Celtic-speaking Inhabitants. 25 to 50 P.O. 50 to 90 p.c. Over 90 p.c. bards ; and the indomitable colonists who, notwithstanding the difficulties they encountered, foimded a New Wales in Patagonia, retain the use of their mother tongue, and the Rio Chuput, on the banks of which they established their settlement, has been renamed by them Afon Llwyd, or " Grey River." Through- out the world Welsh is spoken by far above 1,000,000 human beings. Nevertheless the Celtic spoken by the Cymry ofWales would appear to be doomed • Throughout England there are ahout 110 chapels iu which the services are conducted in Welsh.
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V >^ri,-. 5^^Xv%/-Stj* \: ^jf .A
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^\-.
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CONTENTS. I. General Features The B
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Diitish I
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U7. St. P.iuLs C'athf.dr.^l .... 1S
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i^5|SI«S' ^llrilillljlllil ! r- \
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2 THE BRITISH ISLES. by well-define
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4 THE BRITISH ISLES. In its general
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THE BEITISH ISLES. not without dang
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8 THE BEITISH ISLES. more minute su
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^'V
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10 THE BRITISH ISLE!?. affording ex
Page 36 and 37: 12 THE BEITISH ISLES. chalk, this a
Page 38 and 39: 14 THE BRITISH ISLES. Farther west
Page 40 and 41: 16 THE BRITISH ISLE?. are to be pre
Page 42 and 43: IS THE BEITISn ISI.ES. In summer, w
Page 44 and 45: 20 THE BRITISH ISLES winds are most
Page 46 and 47: 22 THE BRITISH ISLES. The influence
Page 48 and 49: 24 THE BEITISH ISLES. plants. The c
Page 50 and 51: 26 THE BEITISH ISLES. stretclies. I
Page 52 and 53: 28 THE BRITISH ISLES. songsters is
Page 54 and 55: 30 THE BEITISH ISLES. habits. Of th
Page 56 and 57: 32 THE BRITISH ISLES. southern port
Page 58 and 59: 34 THE BRITISH ISLES. followed the
Page 60 and 61: 36 TEE BEITISH ISLES. fluctuations
Page 62 and 63: 38 THE BEITISH ISLES. tions?* Engli
Page 64 and 65: 40 THE BPJTIsn KLES. thousand years
Page 66 and 67: 42 THE BEITISn ISLES. As men of com
Page 68 and 69: ii THE BRITISH ISLES. famous as cli
Page 70: CHArTER II. WALES AND MONMOUTHSHIRE
Page 73: M 1 k: 3
Page 76: 48 THE BEITISH ISLES. with"^e, and
Page 80 and 81: 50 THE BEITISH ISLES. 80 feet, are
Page 82 and 83: 52 THE BRITISH ISLES. surface featu
Page 84 and 85: 64 THE BRITISH ISLES. over the inha
Page 88 and 89: 58 THE BEITISH ISLES. to extinction
Page 90 and 91: 60 THE BEIITSH ISLES. Mercia, in 79
Page 92: 62 THE BRITISH ISLES. the beautiful
Page 96 and 97: 64 THE BRITISH ISLES. Merionethshir
Page 98 and 99: 66 THE BEITISH ISLES. Noctown, high
Page 100 and 101: 68 THE BRITISH ISLES. Flemings, who
Page 102 and 103: 70 THE BRITISH ISLES. south, known
Page 104 and 105: 72 THE BEITISH ISLES. Wales contain
Page 106 and 107: 74 THE BEITISH ISLES. extent, but s
Page 108 and 109: 76 THE BRITISH ISLES. of the sea up
Page 110 and 111: 78 THE BEITISH ISLES. the cliffs, a
Page 112 and 113: 80 THE BRITISH ISLES. with it fogs,
Page 114 and 115: 82 THE BEITISH ISLES. plugged up, t
Page 116 and 117: 84 THE BRITISH ISLES. Topography. C
Page 118 and 119: 8fi THE BRITISH ISLES. northern sid
Page 120 and 121: 88 THE BRITISH ISLES. rolled into t
Page 122: 90 THE BEITISU ISLES. above tier ou
Page 126 and 127: 92 THE BRITISH I^^LES. at the foot
Page 128: 94 TUli BEITLSn ISLES. modern build
Page 132 and 133: CHAPTER IV. THE BASIN OF THE SEA-EE
Page 134 and 135: 98 THE BBinSH ISLES. the Severn and
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100 THE BEITISH ISLES. suddenness i
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SHEOPSHIEB. 101 activity, for whils
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SHEOPSHIRE. 103 Most of the antiqui
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WOECESTEESHIEE—WAEWICKSHIRE. 105
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WAEWICKSHTRE. 107 impoverished, was
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WARWICKSHIRE. ion Birmingham, the l
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Ill Its sbape is t
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 113 Xew Inn, an ol
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 115 Bristol is one
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GLOUCESTEESHIEE—HEEEFOEDSHIEE. 11
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SOMEESETSHIEE. 119 A small portion
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SOMERSETSHIRE. 121 tte church of St
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. where conflictin
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 125 is in realit
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 127 and clay, we
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THE CHAX>rEL SLOPE. 129 upon whose
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DORSETSHIRE. Ifjl communication by
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WILTSHIEE. 133 Salishury, the count
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^TLTSHIEE. 135 a seat of the Earl o
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HAMPSHIRE. 137 on the capacious bay
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^ J^" ^ «•.».. J^TT
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HAMPSHIEE. 139 ihe roadstead, are a
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SUSSEX. 141 the finest wheat and be
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SUSSEX. 143 way to tlie sea. A port
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SUSSEX. 145 Hastings, whose Scandin
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 147 Thames
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 149 regula
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 151 bouude
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OXPOEDSHIEE. 153 nei"-liboiiring co
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OXFORDSHIRE. 155 contain the univer
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BEEKBHIEE. 157 Thame, which was the
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BERKSHIEE. 159 than Eeadiug biscuit
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II t^^^ |fHl||!|l||H|l||J
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162 THE BEITISH ISLES. unequalled i
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164 THE BRITISH ISLES. Hitcliin and
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RYOFTHETHAMES
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166 TEE BRITISH ISLES. London has o
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168 THE BRITISH ISLES. case of a to
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170 the City and "Westminster becam
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172 THE BRITISH ISLES. in fertilisi
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m THE BETTISH ISLES. falls on Bagsl
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17G TIIK BRITISH ISLES. confusion ;
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178 THE BEITISH ISLES. quarters, al
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180 THE BRITISH ISLES. a desire of
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182 TIIE BRITISH ISLES. Of all the
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181 THE BRITISH ISLES. Chatham, Pit
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186 THE BRITISH ISLES. coldness, wh
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188 THE BRITISH ISLES. bridge acros
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190 THE BRITISH ISLES. irrespective
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192 THE BRITISH ISLES. with the gre
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194 THE BEITISH ISLES. fire-arms, m
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196 THE BRITISH ISLES. West India D
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198 THE BEITISH ISLES. drainao'e, t
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200 THE BRITISH ISLES. moorish trac
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202 THE BRITISH ISLES. those of Put
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204 THE BRITISH ISLES. up from Grav
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20fi THE BEITISH ISLES. gun-cotton
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208 " faults." THE BEITISH ISLES. "
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210 THE BRITISH ISLES. There are no
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CHAPTER VII. EAST ANGLIA. (Suffolk
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214 THE BRITISH ISLES. have now dec
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216 THE BEITISn ISLES. the town. Se
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218 TILE BETTISH ISLES. and mustard
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CHAPTER VIII. THE BASIN OF THE WASH
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222 THE BRITISH ISLES. residence of
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221 THE BEITISH ISLES. most of tlio
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22fi THE BRITISH ISLES. backs of th
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228 THE BEITISH ISLES. fen land. Th
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230 THE BRITISH ISLES much trade in
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232 THE BRITISH ISLES. dral, which
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234 THE BEITISn ISLES. north, and c
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236 THE BRITISH ISLES. The coast di
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! 288 THE BRITISH ISLES. the only t
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240 THE BRITISH ISLES. of Oiron, bu
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242 THE BRITISH ISLES. The best vie
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244 THE BRITISH ISLES. Wye, in a bl
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246 THE BRITISH ISLES. Netcark-iqMn
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248 THE BRITISH ISLES. pleasant wal
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250 THE BEITISH ISLES. dreariness.
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252 THE BRITISH ISLES. name, is pro
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TOEKSHIEE. 253 tion of iron vessels
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YOEKSHIEE. 255 prophetess of the si
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YORKSHIRE. 237 glass houses, chemic
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TOEKSHIEE. 259 critic. The battle o
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CHAPTER X. THE BASINS OF THE MERSEY
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CHESHIEB. 263 their city Beca, afte
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LANCASmKE. 265 which supplies a pro
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LANOASniEE. 267 The coast of Lancas
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LANCASHIRE. 269 in England ; the Ex
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LANCASHTEK. 271 down, between Rinic
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LAXCASHXRE. 273 extend for 5 miles
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LAJSrCASHIEE. 275 have been raised
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LANCASHIRE. 277 of some note, whils
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CHAPTER XI. THE XORTH OF EXGLAXD, T
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 281 The torre
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 283 accounts
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WESTMOEELAND. 285 drain an importan
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CUMBERLAND. 287 "Waver, is remarkab
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DUEHAM. 289 of lead pencils. The Bo
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DUEHAM. 291 The only place of note
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 293 The mouth of th
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NOETHUMBEELAND. 295 boundary, it is
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 297 mass of columna
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CHAPTER XII. THE ISLE OF MAN. HE Is
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THE ISLE OF MAN. 301 inhabitants is
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SOUTHEKX SC'OTLAXD. 303 which it en
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 3O5 wliicli term
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SOUTHEEN SCOTLAND. 307 of Lucerne i
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 309 geological f
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 311 Under the fi
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DUiEFRZES-KIRKCUDBRIGHT. 313 Topogr
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BUTE-LANAEKSniEE. 815 is spanned by
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LANARKSHIRE. 817 the principal quar
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EENFEEWSniEE. 319 otter engineers t
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DUMBABTONSHIEE. 821 rock encloses r
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BERWICKSHIEE. 323 is known as Tevio
Page 402 and 403:
Rugl-BTOi try El-tni-a Tan
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HADDINGTON—EDINBURGH. 325 Hadding
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EDINBUEGH. 827 Science and Art, mod
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STIELINGSHIEE—CLACKMANNAN. 329 St
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FIFE. 8S1 of water, Locli Leven, on
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j engineers CHAPTER XIV. NORTHERN S
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NORTHERN SCOTLAND. 835 marine range
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I ^ or j streams I XOETHEEX SCOTLAX
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NORTHEEN SCOTLAND. 339 ward—a pro
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XOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 311 Along many p
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NOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 843 If we Includ
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NOETHEEX SCOTLAND. 345 \isited Scot
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ISLE OF SKYE-THE EILT EOCK.
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318 THE BEITISU ISLES. Head, on the
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850 THE BPJTISH ISLES. five die in
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352 THE BRITISH ISLES. find ourselv
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354 TUB BRITISH ISLES. whicli surro
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350 THE BRITISH ISLES. the use of S
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358 THE BEITISH ISLES. inhabitants
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360 THE BEITISH ISLES. The soldiers
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302 THE BElTISn ISLES. the heat and
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864 THE BRITISH ISLES. The river Ea
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8GG THE BEITISH ISLES, Broughty Fer
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3G8 THE BEITISH LSLES. which traver
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370 THE BRITISH ISLES. hamlet of Ca
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372 THE BRITISH ISLES. summit of Me
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374 THE BRITISH ISLES. Fortrose, wi
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37G THE BRITISH ISLES. Caithness fo
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AEGYLLSniEE. 377 Earl of Caithness)
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IRELAND. 879 More than once the for
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lUELANT). 381 The most elevated mou
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lEELAXD. 383 does the valley of the
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lEELAND. 385 rust which covers it.
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lEELAND. 887 for many geological ag
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IRELAND. 389 enlarging their area,
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IRELAND. 391 and Slieve Nakilla on
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ICELAND. 393 ttose numerous indenta
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IEEL.VXD. 395 tionally wet years it
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TYPICAL IKISH.
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898 THE BPJTISn ISLES. lumdred year
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400 THE BEITISn ISLES. was 5,293 sq
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402 THE BEITISH ISLES. monuments of
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•104 TRE BEITISH ISLES. schools w
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406 THE BEITISn ISLES. to ancient r
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408 TUE BEITISn ISLES. the wages wl
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410 THE BRITISH ISLES. Act of 1870
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BAY
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412 THE BEITISH ISLES. legitimate k
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414 TTIE CEITISn ISLES. and boundin
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41G THE BEITISn ISLES. county town,
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418 TliK UKlTISn SLES. Ulster.—Ul
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420 TllE BEITISH ISLES. seated at i
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422 THE UKITIsn ISLES. spanned by a
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424 THE BEITISH ISLES. century. Emy
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420 THE BRITISn ISLES. themselves i
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428 open Atlantic. THE BEITISH ISLE
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430 THE BEITISH ISLEi valley of the
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MUNSTEE. 431 Bantnj, at the head of
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MUNSTEE. 433 is a place of some ind
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MUNSTER. 435 British Islands by an
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STATISTICS OF THE UXITED EINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS or THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE LtNT:TED EIXGDOM.
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STATISTICS or THE UN-ITED KINGDOM.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EIXGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE LTSTITED KINGDOM.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINODOAT.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOil.
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CHAPTER XYII. GOVERKMENT AND ADMINI
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GOVEENMENT AND APMINISTEATION. 477
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GOYEEXMEXT AND ADMIXISTRATIOX. 479
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GOVEENMENT AND ADMINISTEATION. 481
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GOYEEXMENT AND ADMIXISTEATIOX. 483
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GOVEEXMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 485
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All towns of 2,500 inhabitants t Be
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NOETHAMPTOS NOKTHCMBER- LAXD . . Ar
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Worcester . Y0RK
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APPENDIX. 493
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APPENDIX. 495 Agricultueal Statisti
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APPENDIX. 497 Imports of Merchandis
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APPENDIX. 490 Imports and Exports a
Page 614 and 615:
£02 APPENDIX. "\T:I.—STATISTICAL
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Abberley Hills, 104 Abbeyleix, 416
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.romvaril, 118 Broom, Loch, 342, 37
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Dunglow, 424 Dunham Massey, 265 Dun
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Kiiims. 337 Kainrsbiirgh. 315 Kaiit
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Muuh Wenluck, 103 Muich Dhui, Bun,
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SUvermine Mcimtains, 382 Sittingbou
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kliSi^W*!"**^'! IK*
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