The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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! 288 THE BRITISH ISLES. the only thing needed to render this region a fit place of residence for humaix beings, and that need has been abundantly supplied by artesian wells. A layer of clay about 25 feet in thickness underlies the surface soil for 50 miles along the coast and 10 mQes inland, so that all that is requisite to be done in order to obtain pure water is to bore through this clay, when a fountain will burst forth, sometimes rising to a height of 10 feet. The physiognomy of the towns and villages of a considerable portion of the basin of the Humber has undergone a singxilar change in the course of the nine- teenth century, and perhaps nowhere is this change more striking than in "Western Yorkshire, Quiet villages, imfettered rivulets, are found no longer. The valleys are filled with noisy factories ; every stream of water is confined within boimds to set in motion wheels and turbines ; the roads are black ; and even the atmosphere is filled with particles of soot. The number of inhabitants is tenfold—nay, hundred- fold in certain districts—what it used to be. Manufacturing towns have sprung from the soil where at the beginning of the century the eye beheld only open moors or forests. These changes are due to the same causes which have brought about similar results in other parts of England. The coimties at the foot of the Pennine chain have learnt to appreciate the wealth which they possess in their rocks—coal, iron, lime, and building stone—and the inhabitants of Yorkshire, at all events, have set themselves to utilise these treasures with an eagerness far surpassing that of other Englishmen. The people of Yorkshire are, indeed, noted for their industry, activitj', and business intelligence, and few are their equals in the art of making money. Conservative though they be—as is proved by an adherence to their ancient dialect—they have nevertheless, in the course of becoming a manufacturing people, greatly changed their time-honoured customs. And this perilous social evolution, whilst it enriched thousands, has condemned hundreds of thousands to the precarious existence of proletarians. How great the contrast between the factory hands of the West Riding and their ancestors, whose hero was merry Robin Hood Topography. Staffordshire lies wholly within the great central plain of England, and its surface, except in the north, where it is broken by barren hills, including the Axe Edge Hill (1,810 feet). Mow Copt (1,101 feet). Weaver Hill (1,15-4 feet), and other outliers of the Pennine chain, is slightly undulating, and upon the whole fertile. The river Trent rises near the northern boundary of the county, and passes through its centre, receiving on its way several tributaries, the principal of which are the Dove, which forms the eastern boundary of the county, and the Tame, which drains the south. The valley of the Trent is noted for its fertility, but Stafi'ordshire is essentially a manufacturing and mining countj\ The distribution of the bulk of its popula- tion has been determined by the existence of coal and iron, and there are conse-
STAFFOEDSHIRE. 289 quently two great centres of industry—the one in the north, in the coal basin of North Staffordshire, the other in the south, around Dudley and Wolverhampton. The former of these districts is drained by the nascent Trent, and is known as that of the Potteries, for the manufacture of earthenware has been carried on there from immemorial times, and it furnishes most of the china which England exports to foreign countries, much to the increase of its national wealth. Stoke-u])on- Trent, Fig. 117.—The District of the Potteries. Scale 1 : 80,000. the metropolis of this district, a dingy and straggling town, has raisea monuments to Wedgwood and Minton, the two men who by their genius have most contributed towards its prosperity. It was at Etruria, a couple of miles to the north of Stoke, that iJosiah Wedgwood established his factory in 1771, in the hope of being able to equal pne day the productions of the master potters of Tuscany. It was he who taught [England the art of producing a beautiful cream-coloured porcelain, such as had been manufactured for a short time in the sixteenth century at the French village K 2
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V >^ri,-. 5^^Xv%/-Stj* \: ^jf .A
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^\-.
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CONTENTS. I. General Features The B
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Diitish I
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U7. St. P.iuLs C'athf.dr.^l .... 1S
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i^5|SI«S' ^llrilillljlllil ! r- \
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2 THE BRITISH ISLES. by well-define
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4 THE BRITISH ISLES. In its general
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THE BEITISH ISLES. not without dang
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8 THE BEITISH ISLES. more minute su
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^'V
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10 THE BRITISH ISLE!?. affording ex
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12 THE BEITISH ISLES. chalk, this a
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14 THE BRITISH ISLES. Farther west
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16 THE BRITISH ISLE?. are to be pre
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IS THE BEITISn ISI.ES. In summer, w
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20 THE BRITISH ISLES winds are most
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22 THE BRITISH ISLES. The influence
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24 THE BEITISH ISLES. plants. The c
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26 THE BEITISH ISLES. stretclies. I
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28 THE BRITISH ISLES. songsters is
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30 THE BEITISH ISLES. habits. Of th
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32 THE BRITISH ISLES. southern port
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34 THE BRITISH ISLES. followed the
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36 TEE BEITISH ISLES. fluctuations
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38 THE BEITISH ISLES. tions?* Engli
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40 THE BPJTIsn KLES. thousand years
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42 THE BEITISn ISLES. As men of com
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ii THE BRITISH ISLES. famous as cli
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CHArTER II. WALES AND MONMOUTHSHIRE
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M 1 k: 3
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48 THE BEITISH ISLES. with"^e, and
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50 THE BEITISH ISLES. 80 feet, are
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52 THE BRITISH ISLES. surface featu
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. over the inha
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56 THE BEITISH ISLES. education. Th
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58 THE BEITISH ISLES. to extinction
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60 THE BEIITSH ISLES. Mercia, in 79
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62 THE BRITISH ISLES. the beautiful
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. Merionethshir
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66 THE BEITISH ISLES. Noctown, high
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68 THE BRITISH ISLES. Flemings, who
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70 THE BRITISH ISLES. south, known
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72 THE BEITISH ISLES. Wales contain
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74 THE BEITISH ISLES. extent, but s
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76 THE BRITISH ISLES. of the sea up
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78 THE BEITISH ISLES. the cliffs, a
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80 THE BRITISH ISLES. with it fogs,
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82 THE BEITISH ISLES. plugged up, t
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84 THE BRITISH ISLES. Topography. C
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8fi THE BRITISH ISLES. northern sid
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88 THE BRITISH ISLES. rolled into t
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90 THE BEITISU ISLES. above tier ou
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92 THE BRITISH I^^LES. at the foot
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94 TUli BEITLSn ISLES. modern build
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CHAPTER IV. THE BASIN OF THE SEA-EE
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98 THE BBinSH ISLES. the Severn and
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100 THE BEITISH ISLES. suddenness i
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SHEOPSHIEB. 101 activity, for whils
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SHEOPSHIRE. 103 Most of the antiqui
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WOECESTEESHIEE—WAEWICKSHIRE. 105
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WAEWICKSHTRE. 107 impoverished, was
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WARWICKSHIRE. ion Birmingham, the l
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Ill Its sbape is t
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 113 Xew Inn, an ol
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 115 Bristol is one
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GLOUCESTEESHIEE—HEEEFOEDSHIEE. 11
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SOMEESETSHIEE. 119 A small portion
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SOMERSETSHIRE. 121 tte church of St
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. where conflictin
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 125 is in realit
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 127 and clay, we
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THE CHAX>rEL SLOPE. 129 upon whose
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DORSETSHIRE. Ifjl communication by
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WILTSHIEE. 133 Salishury, the count
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^TLTSHIEE. 135 a seat of the Earl o
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HAMPSHIRE. 137 on the capacious bay
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^ J^" ^ «•.».. J^TT
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HAMPSHIEE. 139 ihe roadstead, are a
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SUSSEX. 141 the finest wheat and be
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SUSSEX. 143 way to tlie sea. A port
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SUSSEX. 145 Hastings, whose Scandin
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 147 Thames
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 149 regula
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 151 bouude
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OXPOEDSHIEE. 153 nei"-liboiiring co
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OXFORDSHIRE. 155 contain the univer
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BEEKBHIEE. 157 Thame, which was the
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BERKSHIEE. 159 than Eeadiug biscuit
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II t^^^ |fHl||!|l||H|l||J
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162 THE BEITISH ISLES. unequalled i
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164 THE BRITISH ISLES. Hitcliin and
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RYOFTHETHAMES
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166 TEE BRITISH ISLES. London has o
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168 THE BRITISH ISLES. case of a to
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170 the City and "Westminster becam
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172 THE BRITISH ISLES. in fertilisi
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m THE BETTISH ISLES. falls on Bagsl
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17G TIIK BRITISH ISLES. confusion ;
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178 THE BEITISH ISLES. quarters, al
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180 THE BRITISH ISLES. a desire of
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182 TIIE BRITISH ISLES. Of all the
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181 THE BRITISH ISLES. Chatham, Pit
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186 THE BRITISH ISLES. coldness, wh
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188 THE BRITISH ISLES. bridge acros
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190 THE BRITISH ISLES. irrespective
Page 250 and 251: 192 THE BRITISH ISLES. with the gre
Page 252 and 253: 194 THE BEITISH ISLES. fire-arms, m
Page 254 and 255: 196 THE BRITISH ISLES. West India D
Page 256 and 257: 198 THE BEITISH ISLES. drainao'e, t
Page 258 and 259: 200 THE BRITISH ISLES. moorish trac
Page 260 and 261: 202 THE BRITISH ISLES. those of Put
Page 262 and 263: 204 THE BRITISH ISLES. up from Grav
Page 264: 20fi THE BEITISH ISLES. gun-cotton
Page 268 and 269: 208 " faults." THE BEITISH ISLES. "
Page 270 and 271: 210 THE BRITISH ISLES. There are no
Page 272 and 273: CHAPTER VII. EAST ANGLIA. (Suffolk
Page 274 and 275: 214 THE BRITISH ISLES. have now dec
Page 276 and 277: 216 THE BEITISn ISLES. the town. Se
Page 278 and 279: 218 TILE BETTISH ISLES. and mustard
Page 280 and 281: CHAPTER VIII. THE BASIN OF THE WASH
Page 282 and 283: 222 THE BRITISH ISLES. residence of
Page 284 and 285: 221 THE BEITISH ISLES. most of tlio
Page 286: 22fi THE BRITISH ISLES. backs of th
Page 290 and 291: 228 THE BEITISH ISLES. fen land. Th
Page 292 and 293: 230 THE BRITISH ISLES much trade in
Page 294 and 295: 232 THE BRITISH ISLES. dral, which
Page 296 and 297: 234 THE BEITISn ISLES. north, and c
Page 298 and 299: 236 THE BRITISH ISLES. The coast di
Page 302: 240 THE BRITISH ISLES. of Oiron, bu
Page 306 and 307: 242 THE BRITISH ISLES. The best vie
Page 308 and 309: 244 THE BRITISH ISLES. Wye, in a bl
Page 310 and 311: 246 THE BRITISH ISLES. Netcark-iqMn
Page 312 and 313: 248 THE BRITISH ISLES. pleasant wal
Page 314 and 315: 250 THE BEITISH ISLES. dreariness.
Page 316: 252 THE BRITISH ISLES. name, is pro
Page 319 and 320: TOEKSHIEE. 253 tion of iron vessels
Page 321 and 322: YOEKSHIEE. 255 prophetess of the si
Page 323 and 324: YORKSHIRE. 237 glass houses, chemic
Page 325 and 326: TOEKSHIEE. 259 critic. The battle o
Page 327 and 328: CHAPTER X. THE BASINS OF THE MERSEY
Page 329 and 330: CHESHIEB. 263 their city Beca, afte
Page 331 and 332: LANCASmKE. 265 which supplies a pro
Page 333 and 334: LANOASniEE. 267 The coast of Lancas
Page 335 and 336: LANCASHIRE. 269 in England ; the Ex
Page 337 and 338: LANCASHTEK. 271 down, between Rinic
Page 341 and 342: LAXCASHXRE. 273 extend for 5 miles
Page 343 and 344: LAJSrCASHIEE. 275 have been raised
Page 345 and 346: LANCASHIRE. 277 of some note, whils
Page 347 and 348: CHAPTER XI. THE XORTH OF EXGLAXD, T
Page 349 and 350: THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 281 The torre
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 283 accounts
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WESTMOEELAND. 285 drain an importan
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CUMBERLAND. 287 "Waver, is remarkab
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DUEHAM. 289 of lead pencils. The Bo
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DUEHAM. 291 The only place of note
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 293 The mouth of th
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NOETHUMBEELAND. 295 boundary, it is
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 297 mass of columna
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CHAPTER XII. THE ISLE OF MAN. HE Is
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THE ISLE OF MAN. 301 inhabitants is
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SOUTHEKX SC'OTLAXD. 303 which it en
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 3O5 wliicli term
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SOUTHEEN SCOTLAND. 307 of Lucerne i
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 309 geological f
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SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 311 Under the fi
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DUiEFRZES-KIRKCUDBRIGHT. 313 Topogr
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BUTE-LANAEKSniEE. 815 is spanned by
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LANARKSHIRE. 817 the principal quar
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EENFEEWSniEE. 319 otter engineers t
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DUMBABTONSHIEE. 821 rock encloses r
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BERWICKSHIEE. 323 is known as Tevio
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Rugl-BTOi try El-tni-a Tan
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HADDINGTON—EDINBURGH. 325 Hadding
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EDINBUEGH. 827 Science and Art, mod
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STIELINGSHIEE—CLACKMANNAN. 329 St
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FIFE. 8S1 of water, Locli Leven, on
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j engineers CHAPTER XIV. NORTHERN S
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NORTHERN SCOTLAND. 835 marine range
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I ^ or j streams I XOETHEEX SCOTLAX
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NORTHEEN SCOTLAND. 339 ward—a pro
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XOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 311 Along many p
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NOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 843 If we Includ
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NOETHEEX SCOTLAND. 345 \isited Scot
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ISLE OF SKYE-THE EILT EOCK.
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318 THE BEITISU ISLES. Head, on the
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850 THE BPJTISH ISLES. five die in
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352 THE BRITISH ISLES. find ourselv
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354 TUB BRITISH ISLES. whicli surro
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350 THE BRITISH ISLES. the use of S
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358 THE BEITISH ISLES. inhabitants
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360 THE BEITISH ISLES. The soldiers
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302 THE BElTISn ISLES. the heat and
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864 THE BRITISH ISLES. The river Ea
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8GG THE BEITISH ISLES, Broughty Fer
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3G8 THE BEITISH LSLES. which traver
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370 THE BRITISH ISLES. hamlet of Ca
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372 THE BRITISH ISLES. summit of Me
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374 THE BRITISH ISLES. Fortrose, wi
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37G THE BRITISH ISLES. Caithness fo
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AEGYLLSniEE. 377 Earl of Caithness)
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IRELAND. 879 More than once the for
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lUELANT). 381 The most elevated mou
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lEELAXD. 383 does the valley of the
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lEELAND. 385 rust which covers it.
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lEELAND. 887 for many geological ag
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IRELAND. 389 enlarging their area,
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IRELAND. 391 and Slieve Nakilla on
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ICELAND. 393 ttose numerous indenta
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IEEL.VXD. 395 tionally wet years it
Page 495:
TYPICAL IKISH.
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898 THE BPJTISn ISLES. lumdred year
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400 THE BEITISn ISLES. was 5,293 sq
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402 THE BEITISH ISLES. monuments of
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•104 TRE BEITISH ISLES. schools w
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406 THE BEITISn ISLES. to ancient r
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408 TUE BEITISn ISLES. the wages wl
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410 THE BRITISH ISLES. Act of 1870
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BAY
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412 THE BEITISH ISLES. legitimate k
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414 TTIE CEITISn ISLES. and boundin
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41G THE BEITISn ISLES. county town,
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418 TliK UKlTISn SLES. Ulster.—Ul
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420 TllE BEITISH ISLES. seated at i
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422 THE UKITIsn ISLES. spanned by a
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424 THE BEITISH ISLES. century. Emy
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420 THE BRITISn ISLES. themselves i
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428 open Atlantic. THE BEITISH ISLE
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430 THE BEITISH ISLEi valley of the
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MUNSTEE. 431 Bantnj, at the head of
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MUNSTEE. 433 is a place of some ind
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MUNSTER. 435 British Islands by an
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STATISTICS OF THE UXITED EINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
Page 553 and 554:
Page 555 and 556:
STATISTICS or THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOM. 4
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Page 561 and 562:
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STATISTICS OF THE LtNT:TED EIXGDOM.
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STATISTICS or THE UN-ITED KINGDOM.
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Page 569 and 570:
STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EIXGDOM. 4
Page 571 and 572:
Page 573 and 574:
STATISTICS OF THE LTSTITED KINGDOM.
Page 575 and 576:
STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EINGDOM. 4
Page 577 and 578:
STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINODOAT.
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Page 581 and 582:
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOil.
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Page 587 and 588:
CHAPTER XYII. GOVERKMENT AND ADMINI
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GOVEENMENT AND APMINISTEATION. 477
Page 591 and 592:
GOYEEXMEXT AND ADMIXISTRATIOX. 479
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GOVEENMENT AND ADMINISTEATION. 481
Page 595 and 596:
GOYEEXMENT AND ADMIXISTEATIOX. 483
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GOVEEXMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 485
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All towns of 2,500 inhabitants t Be
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NOETHAMPTOS NOKTHCMBER- LAXD . . Ar
Page 603 and 604:
Worcester . Y0RK
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APPENDIX. 493
Page 607 and 608:
APPENDIX. 495 Agricultueal Statisti
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APPENDIX. 497 Imports of Merchandis
Page 611:
APPENDIX. 490 Imports and Exports a
Page 614 and 615:
£02 APPENDIX. "\T:I.—STATISTICAL
Page 617 and 618:
Abberley Hills, 104 Abbeyleix, 416
Page 619 and 620:
.romvaril, 118 Broom, Loch, 342, 37
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Dunglow, 424 Dunham Massey, 265 Dun
Page 623 and 624:
Kiiims. 337 Kainrsbiirgh. 315 Kaiit
Page 625 and 626:
Muuh Wenluck, 103 Muich Dhui, Bun,
Page 627 and 628:
SUvermine Mcimtains, 382 Sittingbou
Page 633 and 634:
kliSi^W*!"**^'! IK*
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