The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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842 THE BRITISH ISLES. away, the beds which they had occupied appeared as firths. The moraines, which they had deposited beyond the old line of coast, only rendered more intricate the labyrinth of straits. Owing to the enormous masses of ice which formerly filled them, the depth of several of these firths is very considerable, and far in excess of any to be met with in the North Sea, to the west of the abyssal " deep " of the Skager Rack. Loch Broom, between the counties of Ross and Cromartj', has a depth of 723 feet at its entrance ; the mainland, is 820 feet deep ; and the Sound of Mull 720 feet. Fig. 167.- -Loch Tarbert and the Cuinax Canal. I f I ^^ Scale 1 : 500,000. .r / , - % /f- Sleat Sound, between Skye and Nevertheless the agencies ceaselessly at work must in the end succeed in filling lip even the firths of Western Scotland, as of all temperate regions. As an instance may be cited Holy Loch, opposite to the mouth of the Clyde, the larger portion of which has already been invaded by alluvium. Elsewhere the sea lochs have been cut asun- der through the agency of lateral torrents, and their upper basin has gradually been converted into a fresh-water lake, which is slowly growing smaller. Not only are the rivers busy in filling up these arms of the sea, but the latter likewise throws the waste of the land upon the shore. We find that the depth of a loch is always greatest on that side most exposed to violent winds, whilst banks of sand are deposited in the less agitated water.* These alluvial deposits, whether of fluvial or marine origin, and perhaps aided by a slow upheaval of the whole land, have already converted several islands along the coast into peninsulas. The Depth to 28 28 to 65 65 to 110 Oyer 110 pcninsula of Morvcn, for instance, on the Fathoms. Fatl.otiw. Fathoms. Fathoms. . .. 2 Miles. western side oi Loch Lmnhe, is, m reality, an insular mass like its neighbour Mull. The elongated peninsula of Kintyre, whose Gaelic name [Ccan tire) means Land's End, or Finisterre, may also be looked upon as an island, for the neck which attaches it to the mainland is no more than 60 feet in height. This neck of land is traversed by the Crinan Canal, 9 miles in length, which is in reality a southern dependency of the Caledonian Canal, and enables vessels drawing 10 feet of water to proceed from the North Sea to the Clyde and Ireland without cii'ciimnavigating the northern extremity of Scotland. A similar canal through Kintyre has been projected farther south, where the two Lochs Tarbert approach within three- quarters of a mile of each other. • Clcghom, "Observations on the Water of 'Wick," Journal of (hi- Roiial Geographical SocUty-
NOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 843 If we Include mere rocks, the islands dependent upon Scotland must be numbered by thousands ; but official statistics only mention 788 islands, of which 186 were inhabited in 1871, or 4 less than ten years before. The archipelago, properly to be described by such a name, which lies nearest to the Scotch coast, is that formed by the Orkneys, or " Seal Islands," as their Icelandic name has been rendered.* The distance between Duncansby Head and South Eonaldsha, the southernmost of the group, hardly exceeds 6 miles. Pentland Firth, as the separating channel is called, is dreaded for its currents produced by conflicting tides. Off Stroma boils the whirlpool of Swelkie, ''-v,f.-.- - Fig. 168.—Holt Loch, an'd the silted-up Loch of E.a.chaig. Scale 1 : 100,000.
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V >^ri,-. 5^^Xv%/-Stj* \: ^jf .A
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CONTENTS. I. General Features The B
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Diitish I
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U7. St. P.iuLs C'athf.dr.^l .... 1S
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i^5|SI«S' ^llrilillljlllil ! r- \
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2 THE BRITISH ISLES. by well-define
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4 THE BRITISH ISLES. In its general
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THE BEITISH ISLES. not without dang
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8 THE BEITISH ISLES. more minute su
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^'V
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10 THE BRITISH ISLE!?. affording ex
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12 THE BEITISH ISLES. chalk, this a
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14 THE BRITISH ISLES. Farther west
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16 THE BRITISH ISLE?. are to be pre
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IS THE BEITISn ISI.ES. In summer, w
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20 THE BRITISH ISLES winds are most
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22 THE BRITISH ISLES. The influence
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24 THE BEITISH ISLES. plants. The c
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26 THE BEITISH ISLES. stretclies. I
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28 THE BRITISH ISLES. songsters is
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30 THE BEITISH ISLES. habits. Of th
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32 THE BRITISH ISLES. southern port
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34 THE BRITISH ISLES. followed the
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36 TEE BEITISH ISLES. fluctuations
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38 THE BEITISH ISLES. tions?* Engli
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40 THE BPJTIsn KLES. thousand years
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42 THE BEITISn ISLES. As men of com
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ii THE BRITISH ISLES. famous as cli
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CHArTER II. WALES AND MONMOUTHSHIRE
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M 1 k: 3
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48 THE BEITISH ISLES. with"^e, and
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50 THE BEITISH ISLES. 80 feet, are
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52 THE BRITISH ISLES. surface featu
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. over the inha
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56 THE BEITISH ISLES. education. Th
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58 THE BEITISH ISLES. to extinction
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60 THE BEIITSH ISLES. Mercia, in 79
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62 THE BRITISH ISLES. the beautiful
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64 THE BRITISH ISLES. Merionethshir
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66 THE BEITISH ISLES. Noctown, high
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68 THE BRITISH ISLES. Flemings, who
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70 THE BRITISH ISLES. south, known
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72 THE BEITISH ISLES. Wales contain
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74 THE BEITISH ISLES. extent, but s
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76 THE BRITISH ISLES. of the sea up
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78 THE BEITISH ISLES. the cliffs, a
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80 THE BRITISH ISLES. with it fogs,
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82 THE BEITISH ISLES. plugged up, t
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84 THE BRITISH ISLES. Topography. C
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8fi THE BRITISH ISLES. northern sid
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88 THE BRITISH ISLES. rolled into t
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90 THE BEITISU ISLES. above tier ou
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92 THE BRITISH I^^LES. at the foot
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94 TUli BEITLSn ISLES. modern build
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CHAPTER IV. THE BASIN OF THE SEA-EE
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98 THE BBinSH ISLES. the Severn and
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100 THE BEITISH ISLES. suddenness i
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SHEOPSHIEB. 101 activity, for whils
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SHEOPSHIRE. 103 Most of the antiqui
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WOECESTEESHIEE—WAEWICKSHIRE. 105
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WAEWICKSHTRE. 107 impoverished, was
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WARWICKSHIRE. ion Birmingham, the l
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Ill Its sbape is t
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 113 Xew Inn, an ol
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 115 Bristol is one
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GLOUCESTEESHIEE—HEEEFOEDSHIEE. 11
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SOMEESETSHIEE. 119 A small portion
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SOMERSETSHIRE. 121 tte church of St
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. where conflictin
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 125 is in realit
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THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 127 and clay, we
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THE CHAX>rEL SLOPE. 129 upon whose
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DORSETSHIRE. Ifjl communication by
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WILTSHIEE. 133 Salishury, the count
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^TLTSHIEE. 135 a seat of the Earl o
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HAMPSHIRE. 137 on the capacious bay
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^ J^" ^ «•.».. J^TT
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HAMPSHIEE. 139 ihe roadstead, are a
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SUSSEX. 141 the finest wheat and be
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SUSSEX. 143 way to tlie sea. A port
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SUSSEX. 145 Hastings, whose Scandin
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 147 Thames
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 149 regula
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THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 151 bouude
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OXPOEDSHIEE. 153 nei"-liboiiring co
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OXFORDSHIRE. 155 contain the univer
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BEEKBHIEE. 157 Thame, which was the
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BERKSHIEE. 159 than Eeadiug biscuit
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II t^^^ |fHl||!|l||H|l||J
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162 THE BEITISH ISLES. unequalled i
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164 THE BRITISH ISLES. Hitcliin and
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RYOFTHETHAMES
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166 TEE BRITISH ISLES. London has o
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168 THE BRITISH ISLES. case of a to
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170 the City and "Westminster becam
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172 THE BRITISH ISLES. in fertilisi
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m THE BETTISH ISLES. falls on Bagsl
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17G TIIK BRITISH ISLES. confusion ;
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178 THE BEITISH ISLES. quarters, al
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180 THE BRITISH ISLES. a desire of
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182 TIIE BRITISH ISLES. Of all the
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181 THE BRITISH ISLES. Chatham, Pit
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186 THE BRITISH ISLES. coldness, wh
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188 THE BRITISH ISLES. bridge acros
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190 THE BRITISH ISLES. irrespective
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192 THE BRITISH ISLES. with the gre
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194 THE BEITISH ISLES. fire-arms, m
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196 THE BRITISH ISLES. West India D
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198 THE BEITISH ISLES. drainao'e, t
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200 THE BRITISH ISLES. moorish trac
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202 THE BRITISH ISLES. those of Put
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204 THE BRITISH ISLES. up from Grav
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20fi THE BEITISH ISLES. gun-cotton
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208 " faults." THE BEITISH ISLES. "
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210 THE BRITISH ISLES. There are no
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CHAPTER VII. EAST ANGLIA. (Suffolk
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214 THE BRITISH ISLES. have now dec
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216 THE BEITISn ISLES. the town. Se
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218 TILE BETTISH ISLES. and mustard
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CHAPTER VIII. THE BASIN OF THE WASH
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222 THE BRITISH ISLES. residence of
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221 THE BEITISH ISLES. most of tlio
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22fi THE BRITISH ISLES. backs of th
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228 THE BEITISH ISLES. fen land. Th
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230 THE BRITISH ISLES much trade in
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232 THE BRITISH ISLES. dral, which
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234 THE BEITISn ISLES. north, and c
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236 THE BRITISH ISLES. The coast di
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! 288 THE BRITISH ISLES. the only t
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240 THE BRITISH ISLES. of Oiron, bu
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242 THE BRITISH ISLES. The best vie
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244 THE BRITISH ISLES. Wye, in a bl
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246 THE BRITISH ISLES. Netcark-iqMn
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248 THE BRITISH ISLES. pleasant wal
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250 THE BEITISH ISLES. dreariness.
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252 THE BRITISH ISLES. name, is pro
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TOEKSHIEE. 253 tion of iron vessels
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YOEKSHIEE. 255 prophetess of the si
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YORKSHIRE. 237 glass houses, chemic
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TOEKSHIEE. 259 critic. The battle o
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CHAPTER X. THE BASINS OF THE MERSEY
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CHESHIEB. 263 their city Beca, afte
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LANCASmKE. 265 which supplies a pro
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LANOASniEE. 267 The coast of Lancas
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LANCASHIRE. 269 in England ; the Ex
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LANCASHTEK. 271 down, between Rinic
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LAXCASHXRE. 273 extend for 5 miles
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LAJSrCASHIEE. 275 have been raised
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LANCASHIRE. 277 of some note, whils
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CHAPTER XI. THE XORTH OF EXGLAXD, T
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 281 The torre
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THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 283 accounts
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WESTMOEELAND. 285 drain an importan
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CUMBERLAND. 287 "Waver, is remarkab
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DUEHAM. 289 of lead pencils. The Bo
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DUEHAM. 291 The only place of note
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 293 The mouth of th
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NOETHUMBEELAND. 295 boundary, it is
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NORTHUMBERLAND. 297 mass of columna
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CHAPTER XII. THE ISLE OF MAN. HE Is
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THE ISLE OF MAN. 301 inhabitants is
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SOUTHEKX SC'OTLAXD. 303 which it en
Page 377 and 378: SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 3O5 wliicli term
Page 381 and 382: SOUTHEEN SCOTLAND. 307 of Lucerne i
Page 383 and 384: SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 309 geological f
Page 385 and 386: SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 311 Under the fi
Page 387 and 388: DUiEFRZES-KIRKCUDBRIGHT. 313 Topogr
Page 389 and 390: BUTE-LANAEKSniEE. 815 is spanned by
Page 391 and 392: LANARKSHIRE. 817 the principal quar
Page 395 and 396: EENFEEWSniEE. 319 otter engineers t
Page 397 and 398: DUMBABTONSHIEE. 821 rock encloses r
Page 399 and 400: BERWICKSHIEE. 323 is known as Tevio
Page 402 and 403: Rugl-BTOi try El-tni-a Tan
Page 405 and 406: HADDINGTON—EDINBURGH. 325 Hadding
Page 411 and 412: EDINBUEGH. 827 Science and Art, mod
Page 413 and 414: STIELINGSHIEE—CLACKMANNAN. 329 St
Page 415 and 416: FIFE. 8S1 of water, Locli Leven, on
Page 419 and 420: j engineers CHAPTER XIV. NORTHERN S
Page 421 and 422: NORTHERN SCOTLAND. 835 marine range
Page 423 and 424: I ^ or j streams I XOETHEEX SCOTLAX
Page 425 and 426: NORTHEEN SCOTLAND. 339 ward—a pro
Page 427: XOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 311 Along many p
Page 431 and 432: NOETHEEX SCOTLAND. 345 \isited Scot
Page 436 and 437: ISLE OF SKYE-THE EILT EOCK.
Page 438 and 439: 318 THE BEITISU ISLES. Head, on the
Page 440 and 441: 850 THE BPJTISH ISLES. five die in
Page 442: 352 THE BRITISH ISLES. find ourselv
Page 446 and 447: 354 TUB BRITISH ISLES. whicli surro
Page 448: 350 THE BRITISH ISLES. the use of S
Page 452 and 453: 358 THE BEITISH ISLES. inhabitants
Page 454 and 455: 360 THE BEITISH ISLES. The soldiers
Page 456 and 457: 302 THE BElTISn ISLES. the heat and
Page 458: 864 THE BRITISH ISLES. The river Ea
Page 462 and 463: 8GG THE BEITISH ISLES, Broughty Fer
Page 464 and 465: 3G8 THE BEITISH LSLES. which traver
Page 466 and 467: 370 THE BRITISH ISLES. hamlet of Ca
Page 468 and 469: 372 THE BRITISH ISLES. summit of Me
Page 470 and 471: 374 THE BRITISH ISLES. Fortrose, wi
Page 472: 37G THE BRITISH ISLES. Caithness fo
Page 475 and 476: AEGYLLSniEE. 377 Earl of Caithness)
Page 477 and 478: IRELAND. 879 More than once the for
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lUELANT). 381 The most elevated mou
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lEELAXD. 383 does the valley of the
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lEELAND. 385 rust which covers it.
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lEELAND. 887 for many geological ag
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IRELAND. 389 enlarging their area,
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IRELAND. 391 and Slieve Nakilla on
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ICELAND. 393 ttose numerous indenta
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IEEL.VXD. 395 tionally wet years it
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TYPICAL IKISH.
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898 THE BPJTISn ISLES. lumdred year
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400 THE BEITISn ISLES. was 5,293 sq
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402 THE BEITISH ISLES. monuments of
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•104 TRE BEITISH ISLES. schools w
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406 THE BEITISn ISLES. to ancient r
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408 TUE BEITISn ISLES. the wages wl
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410 THE BRITISH ISLES. Act of 1870
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BAY
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412 THE BEITISH ISLES. legitimate k
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414 TTIE CEITISn ISLES. and boundin
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41G THE BEITISn ISLES. county town,
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418 TliK UKlTISn SLES. Ulster.—Ul
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420 TllE BEITISH ISLES. seated at i
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422 THE UKITIsn ISLES. spanned by a
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424 THE BEITISH ISLES. century. Emy
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420 THE BRITISn ISLES. themselves i
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428 open Atlantic. THE BEITISH ISLE
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430 THE BEITISH ISLEi valley of the
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MUNSTEE. 431 Bantnj, at the head of
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MUNSTEE. 433 is a place of some ind
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MUNSTER. 435 British Islands by an
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STATISTICS OF THE UXITED EINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS or THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE LtNT:TED EIXGDOM.
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STATISTICS or THE UN-ITED KINGDOM.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EIXGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE LTSTITED KINGDOM.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EINGDOM. 4
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINODOAT.
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOil.
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CHAPTER XYII. GOVERKMENT AND ADMINI
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GOVEENMENT AND APMINISTEATION. 477
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GOYEEXMEXT AND ADMIXISTRATIOX. 479
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GOVEENMENT AND ADMINISTEATION. 481
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GOYEEXMENT AND ADMIXISTEATIOX. 483
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GOVEEXMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 485
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All towns of 2,500 inhabitants t Be
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NOETHAMPTOS NOKTHCMBER- LAXD . . Ar
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Worcester . Y0RK
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APPENDIX. 493
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APPENDIX. 495 Agricultueal Statisti
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APPENDIX. 497 Imports of Merchandis
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APPENDIX. 490 Imports and Exports a
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£02 APPENDIX. "\T:I.—STATISTICAL
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Abberley Hills, 104 Abbeyleix, 416
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.romvaril, 118 Broom, Loch, 342, 37
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Dunglow, 424 Dunham Massey, 265 Dun
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Kiiims. 337 Kainrsbiirgh. 315 Kaiit
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Muuh Wenluck, 103 Muich Dhui, Bun,
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SUvermine Mcimtains, 382 Sittingbou
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kliSi^W*!"**^'! IK*
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