The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

More documents

Recommendations

Info

380 THE BEITISH ISLES. its ed^es crumbled up. Most islands and peninsulas rise into a central point, or are traversed by a backbone of mountains ; but not so Ireland. The whole of the central portion of that island is occupied by a vast plain, nowhere more than 250 feet above the sea-level.* All around this depression the country rises into hills and mountains, which form a ring-shaped rampart along the coast, through which wide breaches at intervals give access to the sea. The plain comprises about half the area of the island, and consists of regularly bedded carboniferous lime- stone, whilst most of the mountains which environ it are composed of granite, metamorphosed slates, and other ancient rocks. Geologically Ireland contrasts in a remarkable manner with England, for whilst in the latter the various formations succeed each other with regularity, and enable us to measure as it were the cycle of ages since the deposition of the oldest sedimentary rock, the western sister island presents the appearance of having been almost wholly built up and sculptured during the epochs which preceded the carboniferous. There are hardly any mesozoic rocks, and the more recent formations are only very sparingly represented in the volcanic region of North-western Ireland, between Lough Neagh and the North Channel. Ireland is geologically a much more ancient country than England, its age being the same as that of the Scotch Highlands and of Wales, from which it was severed by an irruption of the sea. The distribution of the mountain groups and the configuration of the coast explain in a measure the fate of the country. Though apparently compact in shape, Ireland nevertheless has no geographical centre. Its vast plain, extend- ing from the Bay of Dublin to that of Galway, and covered with bogs and a multitude of lakes, very distinctly separates its two upland regions. The region in the north-east, which is bounded by the Bays of Dundalk and Donegal, and juts out like a peninsula towards Scotland, is occupied by a distinct group of mountains, and forms the nucleus of the province of Ulster. Similarly Con- naught, in the north-west, has its separate system of moimtains and lakes. Munster, in the south-west, and Leinster, in the south-east, are separated by the plain of Tipperary, whilst the greater portion of the central plain formed part of the ancient province of Meath. Each of these geographical provinces exercised a modifying influence upon the men by whom they were inhabited. Ulster was, above all, exposed to the incursions of the Scotch. Leinster and Meath appeared to be intended by nature to fall an easy prey to the English ; whilst Munster, on the open Atlantic, attracted Phoenicians, and later on Spaniards, Algerines, and French, to its hospitable bays. Connaught, the most remote of these provinces, afforded a last refuge to the indigenous popu- lations flying before conquering invaders. But, besides this, every separate group of mountains became a place of shelter to the conquered population dwelling around. The mountains of Galtjonore in the south, and those of Tyrconnell in Donegal, have repeatedly aSbrded shelter to fugitives, and ancient customs long survived in their valleys after they had died out elsewhere, t * Edward Hull, " The Physical Geology and Geography of Ireland." t Sullivan, " New Ireland."
lUELANT). 381 The most elevated mountains of Ireland rise in the county of Kerry, but are inferior in height to the giants of Scotland, and even to Snowdon of Wales. They form parallel chaias running in the same direction as the deep and narrow bays which penetrate that part of Ireland, and consist of old red sand- stone, whilst the valleys which open upon the sea are scooped out of the carboniferous formation. It can hardly be doubted that the whole of this region, mountains and all, was formerly occupied by the formation which we now Fig. 191. — The Lakes of Killak-ney. Scale 1 : 130,000.
Page 1 and 2:
V >^ri,-. 5^^Xv%/-Stj* \: ^jf .A
Page 8 and 9:
^\-.
Page 11 and 12:
CONTENTS. I. General Features The B
Page 13 and 14:
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Diitish I
Page 15 and 16:
U7. St. P.iuLs C'athf.dr.^l .... 1S
Page 18:
i^5|SI«S' ^llrilillljlllil ! r- \
Page 22 and 23:
2 THE BRITISH ISLES. by well-define
Page 24 and 25:
4 THE BRITISH ISLES. In its general
Page 26 and 27:
THE BEITISH ISLES. not without dang
Page 28:
8 THE BEITISH ISLES. more minute su
Page 32 and 33:
^'V
Page 34 and 35:
10 THE BRITISH ISLE!?. affording ex
Page 36 and 37:
12 THE BEITISH ISLES. chalk, this a
Page 38 and 39:
14 THE BRITISH ISLES. Farther west
Page 40 and 41:
16 THE BRITISH ISLE?. are to be pre
Page 42 and 43:
IS THE BEITISn ISI.ES. In summer, w
Page 44 and 45:
20 THE BRITISH ISLES winds are most
Page 46 and 47:
22 THE BRITISH ISLES. The influence
Page 48 and 49:
24 THE BEITISH ISLES. plants. The c
Page 50 and 51:
26 THE BEITISH ISLES. stretclies. I
Page 52 and 53:
28 THE BRITISH ISLES. songsters is
Page 54 and 55:
30 THE BEITISH ISLES. habits. Of th
Page 56 and 57:
32 THE BRITISH ISLES. southern port
Page 58 and 59:
34 THE BRITISH ISLES. followed the
Page 60 and 61:
36 TEE BEITISH ISLES. fluctuations
Page 62 and 63:
38 THE BEITISH ISLES. tions?* Engli
Page 64 and 65:
40 THE BPJTIsn KLES. thousand years
Page 66 and 67:
42 THE BEITISn ISLES. As men of com
Page 68 and 69:
ii THE BRITISH ISLES. famous as cli
Page 70:
CHArTER II. WALES AND MONMOUTHSHIRE
Page 73:
M 1 k: 3
Page 76:
48 THE BEITISH ISLES. with"^e, and
Page 80 and 81:
50 THE BEITISH ISLES. 80 feet, are
Page 82 and 83:
52 THE BRITISH ISLES. surface featu
Page 84 and 85:
64 THE BRITISH ISLES. over the inha
Page 86 and 87:
56 THE BEITISH ISLES. education. Th
Page 88 and 89:
58 THE BEITISH ISLES. to extinction
Page 90 and 91:
60 THE BEIITSH ISLES. Mercia, in 79
Page 92:
62 THE BRITISH ISLES. the beautiful
Page 96 and 97:
64 THE BRITISH ISLES. Merionethshir
Page 98 and 99:
66 THE BEITISH ISLES. Noctown, high
Page 100 and 101:
68 THE BRITISH ISLES. Flemings, who
Page 102 and 103:
70 THE BRITISH ISLES. south, known
Page 104 and 105:
72 THE BEITISH ISLES. Wales contain
Page 106 and 107:
74 THE BEITISH ISLES. extent, but s
Page 108 and 109:
76 THE BRITISH ISLES. of the sea up
Page 110 and 111:
78 THE BEITISH ISLES. the cliffs, a
Page 112 and 113:
80 THE BRITISH ISLES. with it fogs,
Page 114 and 115:
82 THE BEITISH ISLES. plugged up, t
Page 116 and 117:
84 THE BRITISH ISLES. Topography. C
Page 118 and 119:
8fi THE BRITISH ISLES. northern sid
Page 120 and 121:
88 THE BRITISH ISLES. rolled into t
Page 122:
90 THE BEITISU ISLES. above tier ou
Page 126 and 127:
92 THE BRITISH I^^LES. at the foot
Page 128:
94 TUli BEITLSn ISLES. modern build
Page 132 and 133:
CHAPTER IV. THE BASIN OF THE SEA-EE
Page 134 and 135:
98 THE BBinSH ISLES. the Severn and
Page 136:
100 THE BEITISH ISLES. suddenness i
Page 139 and 140:
SHEOPSHIEB. 101 activity, for whils
Page 141 and 142:
SHEOPSHIRE. 103 Most of the antiqui
Page 143 and 144:
WOECESTEESHIEE—WAEWICKSHIRE. 105
Page 147 and 148:
WAEWICKSHTRE. 107 impoverished, was
Page 149 and 150:
WARWICKSHIRE. ion Birmingham, the l
Page 151 and 152:
GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Ill Its sbape is t
Page 153 and 154:
GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 113 Xew Inn, an ol
Page 155 and 156:
GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 115 Bristol is one
Page 157 and 158:
GLOUCESTEESHIEE—HEEEFOEDSHIEE. 11
Page 159 and 160:
SOMEESETSHIEE. 119 A small portion
Page 161 and 162:
SOMERSETSHIRE. 121 tte church of St
Page 163 and 164:
THE CHANNEL SLOPE. where conflictin
Page 165 and 166:
THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 125 is in realit
Page 167 and 168:
THE CHANNEL SLOPE. 127 and clay, we
Page 169 and 170:
THE CHAX>rEL SLOPE. 129 upon whose
Page 173 and 174:
DORSETSHIRE. Ifjl communication by
Page 175 and 176:
WILTSHIEE. 133 Salishury, the count
Page 177 and 178:
^TLTSHIEE. 135 a seat of the Earl o
Page 179 and 180:
HAMPSHIRE. 137 on the capacious bay
Page 182 and 183:
^ J^" ^ «•.».. J^TT
Page 185 and 186:
HAMPSHIEE. 139 ihe roadstead, are a
Page 189 and 190:
SUSSEX. 141 the finest wheat and be
Page 191 and 192:
SUSSEX. 143 way to tlie sea. A port
Page 193 and 194:
SUSSEX. 145 Hastings, whose Scandin
Page 195 and 196:
THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 147 Thames
Page 197 and 198:
THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 149 regula
Page 199 and 200:
THE BASIN OF THE THAMES. 151 bouude
Page 201 and 202:
OXPOEDSHIEE. 153 nei"-liboiiring co
Page 205 and 206:
OXFORDSHIRE. 155 contain the univer
Page 207 and 208:
BEEKBHIEE. 157 Thame, which was the
Page 209 and 210:
BERKSHIEE. 159 than Eeadiug biscuit
Page 211:
II t^^^ |fHl||!|l||H|l||J
Page 214 and 215:
162 THE BEITISH ISLES. unequalled i
Page 216:
164 THE BRITISH ISLES. Hitcliin and
Page 219:
RYOFTHETHAMES
Page 222 and 223:
166 TEE BRITISH ISLES. London has o
Page 224 and 225:
168 THE BRITISH ISLES. case of a to
Page 226 and 227:
170 the City and "Westminster becam
Page 228 and 229:
172 THE BRITISH ISLES. in fertilisi
Page 230:
m THE BETTISH ISLES. falls on Bagsl
Page 234 and 235:
17G TIIK BRITISH ISLES. confusion ;
Page 236 and 237:
178 THE BEITISH ISLES. quarters, al
Page 238 and 239:
180 THE BRITISH ISLES. a desire of
Page 240 and 241:
182 TIIE BRITISH ISLES. Of all the
Page 242 and 243:
181 THE BRITISH ISLES. Chatham, Pit
Page 244 and 245:
186 THE BRITISH ISLES. coldness, wh
Page 246 and 247:
188 THE BRITISH ISLES. bridge acros
Page 248 and 249:
190 THE BRITISH ISLES. irrespective
Page 250 and 251:
192 THE BRITISH ISLES. with the gre
Page 252 and 253:
194 THE BEITISH ISLES. fire-arms, m
Page 254 and 255:
196 THE BRITISH ISLES. West India D
Page 256 and 257:
198 THE BEITISH ISLES. drainao'e, t
Page 258 and 259:
200 THE BRITISH ISLES. moorish trac
Page 260 and 261:
202 THE BRITISH ISLES. those of Put
Page 262 and 263:
204 THE BRITISH ISLES. up from Grav
Page 264:
20fi THE BEITISH ISLES. gun-cotton
Page 268 and 269:
208 " faults." THE BEITISH ISLES. "
Page 270 and 271:
210 THE BRITISH ISLES. There are no
Page 272 and 273:
CHAPTER VII. EAST ANGLIA. (Suffolk
Page 274 and 275:
214 THE BRITISH ISLES. have now dec
Page 276 and 277:
216 THE BEITISn ISLES. the town. Se
Page 278 and 279:
218 TILE BETTISH ISLES. and mustard
Page 280 and 281:
CHAPTER VIII. THE BASIN OF THE WASH
Page 282 and 283:
222 THE BRITISH ISLES. residence of
Page 284 and 285:
221 THE BEITISH ISLES. most of tlio
Page 286:
22fi THE BRITISH ISLES. backs of th
Page 290 and 291:
228 THE BEITISH ISLES. fen land. Th
Page 292 and 293:
230 THE BRITISH ISLES much trade in
Page 294 and 295:
232 THE BRITISH ISLES. dral, which
Page 296 and 297:
234 THE BEITISn ISLES. north, and c
Page 298 and 299:
236 THE BRITISH ISLES. The coast di
Page 300 and 301:
! 288 THE BRITISH ISLES. the only t
Page 302:
240 THE BRITISH ISLES. of Oiron, bu
Page 306 and 307:
242 THE BRITISH ISLES. The best vie
Page 308 and 309:
244 THE BRITISH ISLES. Wye, in a bl
Page 310 and 311:
246 THE BRITISH ISLES. Netcark-iqMn
Page 312 and 313:
248 THE BRITISH ISLES. pleasant wal
Page 314 and 315:
250 THE BEITISH ISLES. dreariness.
Page 316:
252 THE BRITISH ISLES. name, is pro
Page 319 and 320:
TOEKSHIEE. 253 tion of iron vessels
Page 321 and 322:
YOEKSHIEE. 255 prophetess of the si
Page 323 and 324:
YORKSHIRE. 237 glass houses, chemic
Page 325 and 326:
TOEKSHIEE. 259 critic. The battle o
Page 327 and 328:
CHAPTER X. THE BASINS OF THE MERSEY
Page 329 and 330:
CHESHIEB. 263 their city Beca, afte
Page 331 and 332:
LANCASmKE. 265 which supplies a pro
Page 333 and 334:
LANOASniEE. 267 The coast of Lancas
Page 335 and 336:
LANCASHIRE. 269 in England ; the Ex
Page 337 and 338:
LANCASHTEK. 271 down, between Rinic
Page 341 and 342:
LAXCASHXRE. 273 extend for 5 miles
Page 343 and 344:
LAJSrCASHIEE. 275 have been raised
Page 345 and 346:
LANCASHIRE. 277 of some note, whils
Page 347 and 348:
CHAPTER XI. THE XORTH OF EXGLAXD, T
Page 349 and 350:
THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 281 The torre
Page 351 and 352:
THE NOETH OF ENGLAND. 283 accounts
Page 353 and 354:
WESTMOEELAND. 285 drain an importan
Page 355 and 356:
CUMBERLAND. 287 "Waver, is remarkab
Page 359 and 360:
DUEHAM. 289 of lead pencils. The Bo
Page 363 and 364:
DUEHAM. 291 The only place of note
Page 365 and 366:
NORTHUMBERLAND. 293 The mouth of th
Page 367 and 368:
NOETHUMBEELAND. 295 boundary, it is
Page 369 and 370:
NORTHUMBERLAND. 297 mass of columna
Page 371 and 372:
CHAPTER XII. THE ISLE OF MAN. HE Is
Page 373 and 374:
THE ISLE OF MAN. 301 inhabitants is
Page 375 and 376:
SOUTHEKX SC'OTLAXD. 303 which it en
Page 377 and 378:
SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 3O5 wliicli term
Page 381 and 382:
SOUTHEEN SCOTLAND. 307 of Lucerne i
Page 383 and 384:
SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 309 geological f
Page 385 and 386:
SOUTHERN SCOTLAND. 311 Under the fi
Page 387 and 388:
DUiEFRZES-KIRKCUDBRIGHT. 313 Topogr
Page 389 and 390:
BUTE-LANAEKSniEE. 815 is spanned by
Page 391 and 392:
LANARKSHIRE. 817 the principal quar
Page 395 and 396:
EENFEEWSniEE. 319 otter engineers t
Page 397 and 398:
DUMBABTONSHIEE. 821 rock encloses r
Page 399 and 400:
BERWICKSHIEE. 323 is known as Tevio
Page 402 and 403:
Rugl-BTOi try El-tni-a Tan
Page 405 and 406:
HADDINGTON—EDINBURGH. 325 Hadding
Page 411 and 412:
EDINBUEGH. 827 Science and Art, mod
Page 413 and 414:
STIELINGSHIEE—CLACKMANNAN. 329 St
Page 415 and 416:
FIFE. 8S1 of water, Locli Leven, on
Page 419 and 420:
j engineers CHAPTER XIV. NORTHERN S
Page 421 and 422:
NORTHERN SCOTLAND. 835 marine range
Page 423 and 424:
I ^ or j streams I XOETHEEX SCOTLAX
Page 425 and 426:
NORTHEEN SCOTLAND. 339 ward—a pro
Page 427 and 428: XOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 311 Along many p
Page 429 and 430: NOETHEEN SCOTLAND. 843 If we Includ
Page 431 and 432: NOETHEEX SCOTLAND. 345 \isited Scot
Page 436 and 437: ISLE OF SKYE-THE EILT EOCK.
Page 438 and 439: 318 THE BEITISU ISLES. Head, on the
Page 440 and 441: 850 THE BPJTISH ISLES. five die in
Page 442: 352 THE BRITISH ISLES. find ourselv
Page 446 and 447: 354 TUB BRITISH ISLES. whicli surro
Page 448: 350 THE BRITISH ISLES. the use of S
Page 452 and 453: 358 THE BEITISH ISLES. inhabitants
Page 454 and 455: 360 THE BEITISH ISLES. The soldiers
Page 456 and 457: 302 THE BElTISn ISLES. the heat and
Page 458: 864 THE BRITISH ISLES. The river Ea
Page 462 and 463: 8GG THE BEITISH ISLES, Broughty Fer
Page 464 and 465: 3G8 THE BEITISH LSLES. which traver
Page 466 and 467: 370 THE BRITISH ISLES. hamlet of Ca
Page 468 and 469: 372 THE BRITISH ISLES. summit of Me
Page 470 and 471: 374 THE BRITISH ISLES. Fortrose, wi
Page 472: 37G THE BRITISH ISLES. Caithness fo
Page 475 and 476: AEGYLLSniEE. 377 Earl of Caithness)
Page 477: IRELAND. 879 More than once the for
Page 481 and 482: lEELAXD. 383 does the valley of the
Page 483 and 484: lEELAND. 385 rust which covers it.
Page 485 and 486: lEELAND. 887 for many geological ag
Page 487 and 488: IRELAND. 389 enlarging their area,
Page 489 and 490: IRELAND. 391 and Slieve Nakilla on
Page 491 and 492: ICELAND. 393 ttose numerous indenta
Page 493 and 494: IEEL.VXD. 395 tionally wet years it
Page 495: TYPICAL IKISH.
Page 498 and 499: 898 THE BPJTISn ISLES. lumdred year
Page 500: 400 THE BEITISn ISLES. was 5,293 sq
Page 504 and 505: 402 THE BEITISH ISLES. monuments of
Page 506 and 507: •104 TRE BEITISH ISLES. schools w
Page 508 and 509: 406 THE BEITISn ISLES. to ancient r
Page 510 and 511: 408 TUE BEITISn ISLES. the wages wl
Page 512: 410 THE BRITISH ISLES. Act of 1870
Page 515: BAY
Page 518 and 519: 412 THE BEITISH ISLES. legitimate k
Page 520 and 521: 414 TTIE CEITISn ISLES. and boundin
Page 522 and 523: 41G THE BEITISn ISLES. county town,
Page 524 and 525: 418 TliK UKlTISn SLES. Ulster.—Ul
Page 526 and 527: 420 TllE BEITISH ISLES. seated at i
Page 528 and 529:
422 THE UKITIsn ISLES. spanned by a
Page 530 and 531:
424 THE BEITISH ISLES. century. Emy
Page 532 and 533:
420 THE BRITISn ISLES. themselves i
Page 534:
428 open Atlantic. THE BEITISH ISLE
Page 538:
430 THE BEITISH ISLEi valley of the
Page 543 and 544:
MUNSTEE. 431 Bantnj, at the head of
Page 545 and 546:
MUNSTEE. 433 is a place of some ind
Page 547 and 548:
MUNSTER. 435 British Islands by an
Page 549 and 550:
STATISTICS OF THE UXITED EINGDOM. 4
Page 551 and 552:
STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
Page 553 and 554:
Page 555 and 556:
STATISTICS or THE UNITED KINGDOM. 4
Page 557 and 558:
STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOM. 4
Page 559 and 560:
Page 561 and 562:
Page 563 and 564:
STATISTICS OF THE LtNT:TED EIXGDOM.
Page 565 and 566:
STATISTICS or THE UN-ITED KINGDOM.
Page 567 and 568:
Page 569 and 570:
STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EIXGDOM. 4
Page 571 and 572:
Page 573 and 574:
STATISTICS OF THE LTSTITED KINGDOM.
Page 575 and 576:
STATISTICS OF THE UNITED EINGDOM. 4
Page 577 and 578:
STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINODOAT.
Page 579 and 580:
Page 581 and 582:
Page 583 and 584:
STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KIXGDOil.
Page 585 and 586:
Page 587 and 588:
CHAPTER XYII. GOVERKMENT AND ADMINI
Page 589 and 590:
GOVEENMENT AND APMINISTEATION. 477
Page 591 and 592:
GOYEEXMEXT AND ADMIXISTRATIOX. 479
Page 593 and 594:
GOVEENMENT AND ADMINISTEATION. 481
Page 595 and 596:
GOYEEXMENT AND ADMIXISTEATIOX. 483
Page 597 and 598:
GOVEEXMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 485
Page 599 and 600:
All towns of 2,500 inhabitants t Be
Page 601 and 602:
NOETHAMPTOS NOKTHCMBER- LAXD . . Ar
Page 603 and 604:
Worcester . Y0RK
Page 605 and 606:
APPENDIX. 493
Page 607 and 608:
APPENDIX. 495 Agricultueal Statisti
Page 609 and 610:
APPENDIX. 497 Imports of Merchandis
Page 611:
APPENDIX. 490 Imports and Exports a
Page 614 and 615:
£02 APPENDIX. "\T:I.—STATISTICAL
Page 617 and 618:
Abberley Hills, 104 Abbeyleix, 416
Page 619 and 620:
.romvaril, 118 Broom, Loch, 342, 37
Page 621 and 622:
Dunglow, 424 Dunham Massey, 265 Dun
Page 623 and 624:
Kiiims. 337 Kainrsbiirgh. 315 Kaiit
Page 625 and 626:
Muuh Wenluck, 103 Muich Dhui, Bun,
Page 627 and 628:
SUvermine Mcimtains, 382 Sittingbou
Page 633 and 634:
kliSi^W*!"**^'! IK*
show all

The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?