LEADERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS OF ... - Drake University

Additional laboratory simulations were conducted and revealed that goal-
setting and intervention can result in changing leaders' transformational
behaviors (Kirkpatrick & Locke, 1996).
Leadership styles of shop supervisors were measured using the
Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) (Bass & Avolio, 1993).
Scores were reported by trainees who were inmates of minimum, medium,
and maximum-security prisons. These inmates produced products for
internal and external sale. The experiment compared four groups of
supervisors in their pre- and post-training effectiveness in various
industrial and vocational prison shops. One group was trained in
transformational leadership, one group was trained in transactional
leadership, and one group was untrained. Groups were measured before
and after and training, with the untrained group only measured once, at
the end of the experiment. The performances of both trained groups
improved, but in comparison to the three other groups of supervisors,
those who trained in transformational leadership did as well, or better at
improving productivity, absenteeism, and "citizenship" behavior among the
inmates. They also won more respect from the inmates (Crookall, 1989).
Additionally, a longitudinal randomized field experiment was
conducted which tested the impact of transformational leadership
enhanced training on follower development and performance. The
experimental group of leaders received transformational leadership
33