LEADERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS OF ... - Drake University

development, personal experience, social context, and culture (Rokeach,
1973). Rokeach also suggests that members of society share the same
pool of values and only differ in their rank ordering of these individual
values.
Values can be defined in a number of ways. The most widely
known values scale offered by Rokeach defines values as terminal and
instrumental. He posits that terminal values relate to the goals that a
person would like to achieve in their lifetime or "desirable end-states of
existence." On the other hand, instrumental values are the preferred
modes of behavior or means of achieving one's terminal goals (Rokeach,
1973).
A person's view of the culture in which they exist appears to be
defined by their values (Hofstede, 1993; Rokeach, 1973). Collectivism
and individualism have emerged as two key cultural constructs. Individuals
who subscribe to a collectivist cultural view have values that align with a
framework which supports interdependency of group members,
cooperation over personal goals, intra-group behavioral control, and
importance of in-group harmony. Those who subscribe to an individualist
cultural view have values that focus on the need for achievement, self-
sufficiency, and acting as individuals rather than groups (Hui & Triandis,
1985; Johnston, 1995).
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