LEADERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS OF ... - Drake University

Table 17
Gender Differences Related to Extra Effort, Effectiveness, and Satisfaction
of the Raters
Gender N Mean Std. Std. Error
Deviation Mean df t P
Extra Effort Female 14 3.32 .42807 .I 1441 25.52 1.742 .094
Effectiveness Female 14 3.67 .31116 .Of3316 39.35 1.979 .055
Male 44 3.44 ,54066 .08245
Satisfaction Female 14 3.66 .31484 .08415 40.08 2.586 .013
Male 44 3.35 55679 .08491
Gender impact was also measured relative to the perception of the
rater. An independent-sample T test indicated that the homogeneity of
variance showed that variances were not equal with all raters (Table 18).
Specifically, subordinate raters differed significantly in how they rated
males and females relative to leadership styles and outcomes. Female
leaders were viewed as more transformational by their subordinates and
less passive-avoidant than were male leaders. These findings, while
statistically significant, offered little practical variability in scores.