LEADERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS OF ... - Drake University

human values even though it achieves only an ordinal scale" (Miethe,
There are no meaningful rank-order correlations between individual
values, and despite numerous attempts, factor analysis has not produced
a consistent set of underlying factors. Research found that test-retest
reliabilities for the terminal values of the RVS ranged from .78 three weeks
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after the initial survey results to .69 at 14-1 6 months after initial completion
of the survey. Additionally, instrumental test-retest reliabilities ranged
from .71-.61 across the same period (Rokeach, 1973).
Validity studies showed that "individualism-achievement and
collectivism-affiliation are underlying dimensions of the RVS for both the
terminal and instrumental values" (Johnston, 1995, p. 583). Collectivism is
considered to be a culture that describes a tight social framework in which
people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them
and protect them. On the other hand, individualism is considered to be a
culture describing the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals
rather than as members of a group. Johnston found that the two
dimensions, individualism and collectivism, are not single, bipolar
dimensions, but are two distinct dimensions. Therefore, the leaders'
values can fall more heavily into one of two dimensions (Johnston, 1995).
Seventy-two individuals completed the RVS as the researchers
attempted to determine the possible value dimensions of the tool. For