LEADERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS OF ... - Drake University

independent-sample T test to determine the differences between
the hospital setting (rural, urban, rural referral and critical access)
and the three leadership styles.
Note: This data may be viewed as "hierarchical" in the sense that the
multiple evaluators rated the hospital CEO on leadership characteristics
and these evaluators are different for each hospital. This clustering may
result in a lack of independence (or varying degrees of dependence) in the
individual observations by the various evaluators. Assessments by
evaluators of the same CEO will likely be clustered fairly closely to some
central value, while assessments over different CEOs will be more
dispersed. Analysis of the data based on individual evaluators can yield
biased results. Analysis of the data based on a summary measure such
as the mean of the evaluators' assessment on each CEO may be
preferable from a statistical viewpoint. However, this results in
considerable contraction of the data and less powerful tests of the
hypotheses. Therefore, the emphasis in this research was on the results
of using the CEO as the unit of analysis instead of using the individual
evaluators as the unit of analysis.
Additionally, the CEOs were asked to complete a hardiness survey that
was not used in this research, but will be integrated into research at a later
date. The HardiSurvey (PVSIII-R) was developed by the Hardiness
Institute, Inc. for Performance Enhancement and Leadership Training.
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