THE YAKHA: CULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN ...

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Nepali. The words for this blessing were different for different people depending on their st at us and aspi ra t ions for the year, a 1 though there were some standard elements. When he had finished, the recipient prostrated him or herself at his feet and quickly came up again, throwing any ricela in their hands back over their head. The TikEi giver gave them a present - usually a marigold flower and a small note or coin. Daughters-in-law might receive a little more, in a leaf plate. Men might not receive anything, i t depended on the family. The eldest unmarried daughter received Tikg first (Plate 12), followed by whoever was around but in a vague order through daughters- in-law (including brothers' daughters-in-law) and their chiidren, nieces and on to male relatives. However, much depended on when peopie turned up to receive their Tik6 and who wanted it (rather different from the highly symbolic order of Tika dispensing observed by Bennett (1983) amongst Brahmin households). People could come any time from now up to full moon to receive their Tik6, although those who were particularly close to the householder and in the vicinity were expected to come more promptly. The only woman who did not receive a TikEi from the householder was his wife. After receiving m, the recipient was usually invited into the kitchen for a snack of meat with cyur& (rice flakes) and some cuha or raksi. The rest of the day was spent in recreation. An important element was tar& h6nne. informal groups of young men with blunderbuss-type rifles went from house to house, The householder was expected to set up a target on a wooden board and give a prize of anything up to 20 KRs to the person shooting closest to the target. Raksi and cuha were also dispensed by the householder to the visitors. The prize money was
Plate 12: The predh6n v6-c gives Tik6 to his daughter, Kame18 Plate 13: Gambling at Tih6r
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THE YAKHA: CULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND
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Dedicated to the memory of MART IN
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Without the funding of the ESRC it
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CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: Searching for
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CHAPTER SEVEN: Other Worlds: Inside
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List of Plates After Page P!ate 1:
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, Map I: Nepal, showing location of
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March 1989 and October 1990, in the
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to be social?", friends asked. "Enc
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people whom the project was designe
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was no reason why SEADD (who liked
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presence of institutions at the loc
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I did have the opportunity to under
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(Map 2). We decided to make Kathman
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felt I had scored a small victory o
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Chainpur (see Map 3). It was on the
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primary level teacher at the Tamaph
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quest ions concerned wi th language
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p 5: KHARDEP map of Tamaphok penchy
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to visit during the day. Our own da
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learn the Yakha language, our progr
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week into his palm to cover the ext
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make enquiries. I found out about a
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a research assistant after school.
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to collect a VSO (Voluntary Service
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towns). Demonstrations and strikes
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post-mortem exemfnations could be c
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Kathmandu and elsewhere, and there
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sending to Kathmandu, a lucky find
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Our return to Tamaphok after this w
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een his concern: ie there has been
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of the ncrude distinction between '
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with their environment' ) and ask w
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Notes: Chapter One 1. I should expl
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higher administrators in Europe, mi
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Chapter Two: Ecological Anthropolog
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despite long-term involvement in th
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This chapter looks at how many of t
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Poffenberger (1980) sees a direct a
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The major variable which Macfarlane
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the mindless instigators of denudat
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ather than regularities in the phen
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contradict ions" (Ellen, 1979b: 21,
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position which is too broad to be u
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Steward was predated by Meggers (19
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value of an ecosystemic approach in
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small population may be more adapti
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describes as ' mangeurs du bois' [e
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Rappaport thus argues for the need
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eing trivial and dealing only with
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What we have, then, is ecological a
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Others have suggested that there ma
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were unique is to deny an answer to
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1987:86>. Sometimes identity derive
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and funeral and other ritual obliga
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suggests. Varioari for the Yakha wo
Page 115 and 116: Plate 7: Yakha woman, Kami boy Plat
Page 117 and 118: Certainly Yakha identity, their sen
Page 119 and 120: Bahadur one day; "doesn't it smell
Page 121 and 122: inland, and came into contact with
Page 123 and 124: land amongst kinsmen and adjudicati
Page 125 and 126: part. We shall then go on to look a
Page 127 and 128: settlers was from a pattern of shif
Page 129 and 130: PanciWa t Ankhibhui Maml i ng Tamap
Page 131 and 132: At the local level, the figures for
Page 133 and 134: P6-c Khap~ar (1 it, 'Five Skulls' )
Page 135 and 136: etween the two tribes were to be ta
Page 137 and 138: greater extreme the Yakha of Kingri
Page 139 and 140: People did not seem unduly perturbe
Page 141 and 142: take food, and to whom one could gi
Page 143 and 144: However, despite the influence of c
Page 145 and 146: 1979:53). We were told of two other
Page 148 and 149: circumspection, A particularly stro
Page 150 and 151: striking in terms of the dichotomy
Page 152 and 153: ut never eaten. It should be noted
Page 154 and 155: Dasai-, TihBr, S8un San.krBnti, M B
Page 156: splattered with whitewash, and it o
Page 159 and 160: its scrupulous egalitarianism in ap
Page 161 and 162: In preparation, a large square of c
Page 163 and 164: practitioner) stepped forward and d
Page 165: Tihtir, their distinctive smell bei
Page 169 and 170: marked, clockwise from top left, wi
Page 171 and 172: e honoured, and proceeding through
Page 173 and 174: would tend to make feeble excuses a
Page 175 and 176: ice and dahi which had been the mar
Page 177 and 178: also served. The house was speciall
Page 179 and 180: there was no simple 'melting pot' a
Page 181 and 182: not at the material level conceived
Page 183 and 184: although it has been observed among
Page 185 and 186: amongst the more sophisticated memb
Page 188 and 189: Yakha came into Tamaphok in search
Page 190 and 191: muntum were essentially the same, w
Page 192 and 193: Sagant (1976:58) admits that "in th
Page 194 and 195: There were few specific things mark
Page 196 and 197: arkhi had to be of a different chor
Page 198 and 199: Plate 16: Chambog dh6ri5 in the mid
Page 200 and 201: millet would be enough to satisfy a
Page 202 and 203: pointing down. The next stage was c
Page 204: The story of O'B'mi was told to us
Page 207 and 208: of Tenbe'na was recited as follows:
Page 209 and 210: such as me,ca cydtj, which were sai
Page 211 and 212: and Yasokeni, all played to in a ba
Page 213 and 214: y the religious practitioners who t
Page 215 and 216: 2. Cf, A1 len: "When I arrived in t
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5.2 The Yakha House The house in wh
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whitewash in painting their houses,
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me Porch The porch (omphu) mediated
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in this. People would put small wov
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to a terrace (Plate 20) which overl
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21). Ground level was part animal e
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clans, lineages and familial roles.
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clan. Yet one five-year old girl si
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Despite the origins of the relation
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are no women mentioned apart from K
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due, was to use their kinship term
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number of relationships covered by
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strife and tension. Quite often the
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situation was often only a temporar
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5.4 The Household Economy The expec
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labourers'). Some distinction betwe
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kind of previously cooked snack foo
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parma workers was a source of extra
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een the collaboration of groups of
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Loans, Debts and Indigency We ident
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'traditional' patterns were changin
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suggests, is a trait shared by all
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Kirsten Johnson and her col leagues
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karele variety grown lower down, an
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also said to keep plants such as du
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whereby people and goods came into,
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and September, before the rice plan
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few weeks ear!ier during Dasai-> to
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maize planting time in the beginnin
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y performing a pul to pokta cyao in
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when his parents died, was granted
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trees served as an important fodder
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valley). There was at that time no
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were said to be found where tigers
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causes of forest depletion. Many pe
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family we interviewed could remembe
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ecological basis of the societies i
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However, our over-r id ing impress
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3. The surprise which some anthropo
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Chapter Seven: Inside-Out: Other Wo
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N.R. Shrestha, 1982, 1985a, 1985b;
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usinesses were located near them, T
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Plate 26: Walking through the fores
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Adding to the sense of Basantapur a
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Plate 28: Sansare Mude bazaar Plate
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Khola valley and to the Himalaya, a
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Annual Fairs In addition to the reg
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verses, these were not generally kn
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8 Tapai- arth ffarnuhos (Promise yo
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problems, The fundamental importanc
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in the district. In our studies of
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clothing from abroad was much in ev
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friend of his. This annual military
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Pakistan war and remembered the con
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everyone, As potential wage labour
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service and bought land in the same
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money paid agents in Kathmandu who
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people concerned, and how the outsi
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and this, perhaps, made marriage ac
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jerked by the strings of broader so
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is ...p rimarily due to the growth
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Sanskritizat ion had been part of Y
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Plate 30: Listening to music Plate
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as a backwater, everyone agreed tha
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students coming from some distance
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For students in ward 9, Okhre-Bhote
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The teachers also administered a sc
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the school. The curriculum followed
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see the spatial relationship betwee
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King Mahendra in 1960 after he accu
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Plate 32: Pradhen P8-c issuing citi
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Outside, people started getting exc
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muscle with regard to its de jure c
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after festivals and somewhat lackad
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As well as the ANM, a students' ass
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Ths school was a central forum for
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of the po!itical struggle, despite
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the ambiguously regarded superpower
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of their shop with stout wooden pla
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section looks briefly at how these
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for individuals within the prevaili
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particular ward, Books and other me
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e overturned: the visiting BNMT wor
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wondered whether everyone was likel
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that, with his influence, a nascent
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Newang, President of the Front. (Hi
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I argued, are particu!arly pertinen
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Yakha, I have produced a text which
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Kathmandu where she enrolled in Eng
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a'wa a a achia ach~ tamum ach~ tapu
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ha emabu bhasnik bhusudna ca came c
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dukka mene jogan duna duna du-ru Da
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i , kma i , mma ka 'nir~o kacek kam
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leema lesnchi le.pma le,kma le*r]ma
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Plate 35: The Maya Khola valley
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pha 'me phak pharog phamne pha* bu
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uc un ucumphakr]a uha uhaoma ukma u
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Appendix I1 Interview Schedule (The
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Annual production: rice, maize, mil
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Adhikary, K. R, 1988,
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Brown, C. H. 1984. Languages and Li
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Doherty, V. S. 1975. Kinship and Ec
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Hitchcock, J , 1961, A Nepalese hil
Page 426 and 427:
--- 1986b. Human Imapct on Some For
Page 428 and 429:
Orlove, B. S. 1980. Ecological Anth
Page 430 and 431:
Shrestha, K. 1984. Nepal i Names fo
Page 432:
White, L.A, 1959. TheEvolutfon of C
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