THE YAKHA: CULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Hitchcock, J , 1961, A Nepalese hill village and Indian employment. Asian Survey, l(9): 15-20. Hobley, M. 1987, Involving the Poor in Forest Management - Can it Be Done? The Nepal-Australia Project Experience, Social Forestry Net work Paper, 5c. London : OD I . Hodgson, B. H. 1857. Comparat ive vocabulary of the languages of the broken tribes of Nbp61. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Pengal, 26(5) : 317-71. Reprinted 1880 in Miscellaneous Essays Rela ting to Indian Subjects, Vol. 1. London: Trtibner and Con, pp. 161-215. --- 1858. On the Kirdnti tribe of the central Himalaya. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 27(5): 446-56. Reprinted 1880 in Miscellaneous Essays Relating to Indian Srrbjects, Vol. 1. London: Trtibner and Co, , pp. 396-407. Htlfer, A. 1978. A New Rural Elite in Central Nepal. In Himalayan Anthropology: the Indo-Tibe tan Interface, J. F. Fisher (ed, ) . Paris: Mouton. --- 1979. The Caste Hierarchy and the State in Nepal: a Study of the Muluki Ain of 1854. Innsbruck: Universit&ts-verlag Wagner. Hoffpauir, R, 1978. Deforestation in the Nepal Himalaya: a Village Perspective. Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, 40, 79-89. Hof tun, M, and W. Raeper 1992, Spring Awakening: an Account of the 1990 Revolution in Nepal, New Delhi: Penguin India. Holmberg, D. 1989. Order in Paradox: Myth, Ritual and Exchange among Nepal's Tamang. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, Hooker, J , P. 1854, Himalayan Journals. London: Ward Lock, Bowden & Co. Huntington, E. 1915 1 19591. Mainsprings of Ci vi 1 iza tion. New York: Mentor. Ives, J.D. & B. Messerli 1989. The Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling Development and Conservation. London: Rout ledge. James, W. 1977, The Funj Mystique: Approaches to a Problem of Sudan History. In R.K, Jain (ed. ) Text and Context: the Social Anthropology of Tradi t ion. ASA Essays in Social Anthropology, vol . 2. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues. Johnson, A, 1974. Ethnoecology and Planting Practices in a Swidden Agricultural System. American Ethnologist, 1, 87-101. Johnson, K. , E. A. Olson & S. Manandhar 1982. Environmental Knowledge and Response to Natural Hazards in Mountainous Nepal. Mountain Research end Development, 2 (2) : 175-88,
Jones, R, L. 1973. Kinship and Marriage among the Limbu of Eastern Nepal: a Study of Marriage Stability. PhD thesis. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms. 1976. Spirit Possession and Society in Nepal. In Hitchcock, J.T. & R.La Jones (eds.) Spirit Possession in the Nepal Himalayas. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. ---- & S. Kurz Jones 1976. The Himalayan Woman: a Study of Limbu Women in Marriage and Divorce, Palo Alto: Mayfield Publishing Co. (Reissued 19313~ Prospect Heights: Wavelend Press!. Justice, J , 1986. Policies, Plans and People: Culture and Health Development in .Nepal. Berkeley: University of California Press, Kohn, T. In Press. Guns and Garlands: Migration through Marriage in East Nepal. Hlmalayan Research Bulletin. Kroeber, A. 1939. Ctrltural and Natural Areas of Native North America. Berkeley: University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, 38. Lall, J,S. & A.D. Moddie 1981. The Himalayas: Aspects of Change. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Leach, E. 1954, Political Systems of Highland Burma. London, G. Be1 1 & Sons. Levine, N.E. 1987. Caste, State and Ethnic Boundaries in Nepal. Journal of Asian Studies, 46(1), 71-8aa van Leysenseele, P. 1979. Ecological Stability and Intensive Fish Production: the Case of the Libinza People in the Middle Ngiri (Zaire). In Social and Ecological Systems (ASA Monograph 18, R, Ellen 8 P. Burnham (edsa). London: Academic Press. Macdonald, A, W, 1981. Recherches Ethnologiques: Bhutan, Si kk im, Ladakh et Ndpal 1975-1979, La Recherches en Sciences Humaines (Humani ties) 1979-80. Par is: CNRS, pp. 35-9. McDougal, C. 1979, The Kulunge Rai. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar. Macfarlane, A, 1968. Population Crisis: Anthropology's Failure. New Society, 10th October. 1976. Resources and Population: a Study of the Gurungs of Nepal. Cambridge University Press. Mahat, T.B.S,, D.M, Griffith & K,R. Shepherd 1986a. Human Impact on Some Forests of the Middle Hills of Nepal. 1. Forestry in the Context of the Traditional Resources of the State. Mountain Research and Development, 6 (31, 223-232,
Page 1 and 2:
THE YAKHA: CULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND
Page 3 and 4:
Dedicated to the memory of MART IN
Page 5 and 6:
Without the funding of the ESRC it
Page 7 and 8:
CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: Searching for
Page 9 and 10:
CHAPTER SEVEN: Other Worlds: Inside
Page 11 and 12:
List of Plates After Page P!ate 1:
Page 13 and 14:
, Map I: Nepal, showing location of
Page 15 and 16:
March 1989 and October 1990, in the
Page 17 and 18:
to be social?", friends asked. "Enc
Page 19 and 20:
people whom the project was designe
Page 21 and 22:
was no reason why SEADD (who liked
Page 23 and 24:
presence of institutions at the loc
Page 25 and 26:
I did have the opportunity to under
Page 27 and 28:
(Map 2). We decided to make Kathman
Page 29 and 30:
felt I had scored a small victory o
Page 31 and 32:
Chainpur (see Map 3). It was on the
Page 33 and 34:
primary level teacher at the Tamaph
Page 35 and 36:
quest ions concerned wi th language
Page 37 and 38:
p 5: KHARDEP map of Tamaphok penchy
Page 39 and 40:
to visit during the day. Our own da
Page 41 and 42:
learn the Yakha language, our progr
Page 43 and 44:
week into his palm to cover the ext
Page 45 and 46:
make enquiries. I found out about a
Page 47 and 48:
a research assistant after school.
Page 49 and 50:
to collect a VSO (Voluntary Service
Page 52 and 53:
towns). Demonstrations and strikes
Page 54 and 55:
post-mortem exemfnations could be c
Page 56 and 57:
Kathmandu and elsewhere, and there
Page 58 and 59:
sending to Kathmandu, a lucky find
Page 60 and 61:
Our return to Tamaphok after this w
Page 62 and 63:
een his concern: ie there has been
Page 64 and 65:
of the ncrude distinction between '
Page 66 and 67:
with their environment' ) and ask w
Page 68 and 69:
Notes: Chapter One 1. I should expl
Page 70 and 71:
higher administrators in Europe, mi
Page 72 and 73:
Chapter Two: Ecological Anthropolog
Page 74 and 75:
despite long-term involvement in th
Page 76 and 77:
This chapter looks at how many of t
Page 78:
Poffenberger (1980) sees a direct a
Page 81 and 82:
The major variable which Macfarlane
Page 83 and 84:
the mindless instigators of denudat
Page 85 and 86:
ather than regularities in the phen
Page 87 and 88:
contradict ions" (Ellen, 1979b: 21,
Page 89 and 90:
position which is too broad to be u
Page 91 and 92:
Steward was predated by Meggers (19
Page 93 and 94:
value of an ecosystemic approach in
Page 95 and 96:
small population may be more adapti
Page 97 and 98:
describes as ' mangeurs du bois' [e
Page 99 and 100:
Rappaport thus argues for the need
Page 101 and 102:
eing trivial and dealing only with
Page 103 and 104:
What we have, then, is ecological a
Page 105 and 106:
Others have suggested that there ma
Page 107 and 108:
were unique is to deny an answer to
Page 109 and 110:
1987:86>. Sometimes identity derive
Page 111 and 112:
and funeral and other ritual obliga
Page 113 and 114:
suggests. Varioari for the Yakha wo
Page 115 and 116:
Plate 7: Yakha woman, Kami boy Plat
Page 117 and 118:
Certainly Yakha identity, their sen
Page 119 and 120:
Bahadur one day; "doesn't it smell
Page 121 and 122:
inland, and came into contact with
Page 123 and 124:
land amongst kinsmen and adjudicati
Page 125 and 126:
part. We shall then go on to look a
Page 127 and 128:
settlers was from a pattern of shif
Page 129 and 130:
PanciWa t Ankhibhui Maml i ng Tamap
Page 131 and 132:
At the local level, the figures for
Page 133 and 134:
P6-c Khap~ar (1 it, 'Five Skulls' )
Page 135 and 136:
etween the two tribes were to be ta
Page 137 and 138:
greater extreme the Yakha of Kingri
Page 139 and 140:
People did not seem unduly perturbe
Page 141 and 142:
take food, and to whom one could gi
Page 143 and 144:
However, despite the influence of c
Page 145 and 146:
1979:53). We were told of two other
Page 148 and 149:
circumspection, A particularly stro
Page 150 and 151:
striking in terms of the dichotomy
Page 152 and 153:
ut never eaten. It should be noted
Page 154 and 155:
Dasai-, TihBr, S8un San.krBnti, M B
Page 156:
splattered with whitewash, and it o
Page 159 and 160:
its scrupulous egalitarianism in ap
Page 161 and 162:
In preparation, a large square of c
Page 163 and 164:
practitioner) stepped forward and d
Page 165 and 166:
Tihtir, their distinctive smell bei
Page 167 and 168:
Plate 12: The predh6n v6-c gives Ti
Page 169 and 170:
marked, clockwise from top left, wi
Page 171 and 172:
e honoured, and proceeding through
Page 173 and 174:
would tend to make feeble excuses a
Page 175 and 176:
ice and dahi which had been the mar
Page 177 and 178:
also served. The house was speciall
Page 179 and 180:
there was no simple 'melting pot' a
Page 181 and 182:
not at the material level conceived
Page 183 and 184:
although it has been observed among
Page 185 and 186:
amongst the more sophisticated memb
Page 188 and 189:
Yakha came into Tamaphok in search
Page 190 and 191:
muntum were essentially the same, w
Page 192 and 193:
Sagant (1976:58) admits that "in th
Page 194 and 195:
There were few specific things mark
Page 196 and 197:
arkhi had to be of a different chor
Page 198 and 199:
Plate 16: Chambog dh6ri5 in the mid
Page 200 and 201:
millet would be enough to satisfy a
Page 202 and 203:
pointing down. The next stage was c
Page 204:
The story of O'B'mi was told to us
Page 207 and 208:
of Tenbe'na was recited as follows:
Page 209 and 210:
such as me,ca cydtj, which were sai
Page 211 and 212:
and Yasokeni, all played to in a ba
Page 213 and 214:
y the religious practitioners who t
Page 215 and 216:
2. Cf, A1 len: "When I arrived in t
Page 217 and 218:
5.2 The Yakha House The house in wh
Page 219 and 220:
whitewash in painting their houses,
Page 221 and 222:
me Porch The porch (omphu) mediated
Page 223 and 224:
in this. People would put small wov
Page 225 and 226:
to a terrace (Plate 20) which overl
Page 227 and 228:
21). Ground level was part animal e
Page 229 and 230:
clans, lineages and familial roles.
Page 231 and 232:
clan. Yet one five-year old girl si
Page 233 and 234:
Despite the origins of the relation
Page 235 and 236:
are no women mentioned apart from K
Page 237 and 238:
due, was to use their kinship term
Page 239 and 240:
number of relationships covered by
Page 241 and 242:
strife and tension. Quite often the
Page 243 and 244:
situation was often only a temporar
Page 245 and 246:
5.4 The Household Economy The expec
Page 247 and 248:
labourers'). Some distinction betwe
Page 249 and 250:
kind of previously cooked snack foo
Page 251 and 252:
parma workers was a source of extra
Page 253 and 254:
een the collaboration of groups of
Page 255 and 256:
Loans, Debts and Indigency We ident
Page 257 and 258:
'traditional' patterns were changin
Page 259 and 260:
suggests, is a trait shared by all
Page 261 and 262:
Kirsten Johnson and her col leagues
Page 263 and 264:
karele variety grown lower down, an
Page 265 and 266:
also said to keep plants such as du
Page 267 and 268:
whereby people and goods came into,
Page 269 and 270:
and September, before the rice plan
Page 271 and 272:
few weeks ear!ier during Dasai-> to
Page 273 and 274:
maize planting time in the beginnin
Page 275 and 276:
y performing a pul to pokta cyao in
Page 277 and 278:
when his parents died, was granted
Page 279 and 280:
trees served as an important fodder
Page 281 and 282:
valley). There was at that time no
Page 283 and 284:
were said to be found where tigers
Page 285 and 286:
causes of forest depletion. Many pe
Page 287 and 288:
family we interviewed could remembe
Page 289 and 290:
ecological basis of the societies i
Page 291 and 292:
However, our over-r id ing impress
Page 293 and 294:
3. The surprise which some anthropo
Page 295 and 296:
Chapter Seven: Inside-Out: Other Wo
Page 297 and 298:
N.R. Shrestha, 1982, 1985a, 1985b;
Page 299 and 300:
usinesses were located near them, T
Page 301 and 302:
Plate 26: Walking through the fores
Page 303 and 304:
Adding to the sense of Basantapur a
Page 305 and 306:
Plate 28: Sansare Mude bazaar Plate
Page 307 and 308:
Khola valley and to the Himalaya, a
Page 309 and 310:
Annual Fairs In addition to the reg
Page 311 and 312:
verses, these were not generally kn
Page 313 and 314:
8 Tapai- arth ffarnuhos (Promise yo
Page 315 and 316:
problems, The fundamental importanc
Page 317 and 318:
in the district. In our studies of
Page 319 and 320:
clothing from abroad was much in ev
Page 321 and 322:
friend of his. This annual military
Page 323 and 324:
Pakistan war and remembered the con
Page 325 and 326:
everyone, As potential wage labour
Page 327 and 328:
service and bought land in the same
Page 329 and 330:
money paid agents in Kathmandu who
Page 331 and 332:
people concerned, and how the outsi
Page 333 and 334:
and this, perhaps, made marriage ac
Page 335 and 336:
jerked by the strings of broader so
Page 337 and 338:
is ...p rimarily due to the growth
Page 339 and 340:
Sanskritizat ion had been part of Y
Page 341 and 342:
Plate 30: Listening to music Plate
Page 343 and 344:
as a backwater, everyone agreed tha
Page 345 and 346:
students coming from some distance
Page 347 and 348:
For students in ward 9, Okhre-Bhote
Page 349 and 350:
The teachers also administered a sc
Page 351 and 352:
the school. The curriculum followed
Page 353 and 354:
see the spatial relationship betwee
Page 355 and 356:
King Mahendra in 1960 after he accu
Page 357 and 358:
Plate 32: Pradhen P8-c issuing citi
Page 359 and 360:
Outside, people started getting exc
Page 361 and 362:
muscle with regard to its de jure c
Page 363 and 364:
after festivals and somewhat lackad
Page 365 and 366:
As well as the ANM, a students' ass
Page 367 and 368:
Ths school was a central forum for
Page 369 and 370:
of the po!itical struggle, despite
Page 371 and 372:
the ambiguously regarded superpower
Page 373 and 374: of their shop with stout wooden pla
Page 375 and 376: section looks briefly at how these
Page 377 and 378: for individuals within the prevaili
Page 379 and 380: particular ward, Books and other me
Page 381 and 382: e overturned: the visiting BNMT wor
Page 383 and 384: wondered whether everyone was likel
Page 385 and 386: that, with his influence, a nascent
Page 387 and 388: Newang, President of the Front. (Hi
Page 389 and 390: I argued, are particu!arly pertinen
Page 391 and 392: Yakha, I have produced a text which
Page 393 and 394: Kathmandu where she enrolled in Eng
Page 395 and 396: a'wa a a achia ach~ tamum ach~ tapu
Page 397 and 398: ha emabu bhasnik bhusudna ca came c
Page 399 and 400: dukka mene jogan duna duna du-ru Da
Page 401 and 402: i , kma i , mma ka 'nir~o kacek kam
Page 403 and 404: leema lesnchi le.pma le,kma le*r]ma
Page 405 and 406: Plate 35: The Maya Khola valley
Page 407 and 408: pha 'me phak pharog phamne pha* bu
Page 409 and 410: uc un ucumphakr]a uha uhaoma ukma u
Page 411 and 412: Appendix I1 Interview Schedule (The
Page 413 and 414: Annual production: rice, maize, mil
Page 417 and 418: BIBLIOGRAPHY Adhikary, K. R, 1988,
Page 419 and 420: Brown, C. H. 1984. Languages and Li
Page 421 and 422: Doherty, V. S. 1975. Kinship and Ec
Page 426 and 427: --- 1986b. Human Imapct on Some For
Page 428 and 429: Orlove, B. S. 1980. Ecological Anth
Page 430 and 431: Shrestha, K. 1984. Nepal i Names fo
Page 432: White, L.A, 1959. TheEvolutfon of C
show all

THE YAKHA: CULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?