- Page 1 and 2: THE YAKHA: CULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND
- Page 3 and 4: Dedicated to the memory of MART IN
- Page 5 and 6: Without the funding of the ESRC it
- Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: Searching for
- Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER SEVEN: Other Worlds: Inside
- Page 11 and 12: List of Plates After Page P!ate 1:
- Page 13 and 14: , Map I: Nepal, showing location of
- Page 15 and 16: March 1989 and October 1990, in the
- Page 17 and 18: to be social?", friends asked. "Enc
- Page 19 and 20: people whom the project was designe
- Page 21 and 22: was no reason why SEADD (who liked
- Page 23 and 24: presence of institutions at the loc
- Page 25 and 26: I did have the opportunity to under
- Page 27 and 28: (Map 2). We decided to make Kathman
- Page 29 and 30: felt I had scored a small victory o
- Page 31 and 32: Chainpur (see Map 3). It was on the
- Page 33 and 34: primary level teacher at the Tamaph
- Page 35 and 36: quest ions concerned wi th language
- Page 37 and 38: p 5: KHARDEP map of Tamaphok penchy
- Page 39 and 40: to visit during the day. Our own da
- Page 41 and 42: learn the Yakha language, our progr
- Page 43 and 44: week into his palm to cover the ext
- Page 45: make enquiries. I found out about a
- Page 49 and 50: to collect a VSO (Voluntary Service
- Page 52 and 53: towns). Demonstrations and strikes
- Page 54 and 55: post-mortem exemfnations could be c
- Page 56 and 57: Kathmandu and elsewhere, and there
- Page 58 and 59: sending to Kathmandu, a lucky find
- Page 60 and 61: Our return to Tamaphok after this w
- Page 62 and 63: een his concern: ie there has been
- Page 64 and 65: of the ncrude distinction between '
- Page 66 and 67: with their environment' ) and ask w
- Page 68 and 69: Notes: Chapter One 1. I should expl
- Page 70 and 71: higher administrators in Europe, mi
- Page 72 and 73: Chapter Two: Ecological Anthropolog
- Page 74 and 75: despite long-term involvement in th
- Page 76 and 77: This chapter looks at how many of t
- Page 78: Poffenberger (1980) sees a direct a
- Page 81 and 82: The major variable which Macfarlane
- Page 83 and 84: the mindless instigators of denudat
- Page 85 and 86: ather than regularities in the phen
- Page 87 and 88: contradict ions" (Ellen, 1979b: 21,
- Page 89 and 90: position which is too broad to be u
- Page 91 and 92: Steward was predated by Meggers (19
- Page 93 and 94: value of an ecosystemic approach in
- Page 95 and 96: small population may be more adapti
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describes as ' mangeurs du bois' [e
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Rappaport thus argues for the need
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eing trivial and dealing only with
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What we have, then, is ecological a
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Others have suggested that there ma
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were unique is to deny an answer to
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1987:86>. Sometimes identity derive
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and funeral and other ritual obliga
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suggests. Varioari for the Yakha wo
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Plate 7: Yakha woman, Kami boy Plat
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Certainly Yakha identity, their sen
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Bahadur one day; "doesn't it smell
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inland, and came into contact with
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land amongst kinsmen and adjudicati
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part. We shall then go on to look a
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settlers was from a pattern of shif
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PanciWa t Ankhibhui Maml i ng Tamap
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At the local level, the figures for
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P6-c Khap~ar (1 it, 'Five Skulls' )
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etween the two tribes were to be ta
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greater extreme the Yakha of Kingri
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People did not seem unduly perturbe
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take food, and to whom one could gi
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However, despite the influence of c
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1979:53). We were told of two other
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circumspection, A particularly stro
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striking in terms of the dichotomy
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ut never eaten. It should be noted
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Dasai-, TihBr, S8un San.krBnti, M B
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splattered with whitewash, and it o
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its scrupulous egalitarianism in ap
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In preparation, a large square of c
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practitioner) stepped forward and d
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Tihtir, their distinctive smell bei
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Plate 12: The predh6n v6-c gives Ti
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marked, clockwise from top left, wi
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e honoured, and proceeding through
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would tend to make feeble excuses a
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ice and dahi which had been the mar
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also served. The house was speciall
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there was no simple 'melting pot' a
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not at the material level conceived
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although it has been observed among
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amongst the more sophisticated memb
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Yakha came into Tamaphok in search
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muntum were essentially the same, w
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Sagant (1976:58) admits that "in th
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There were few specific things mark
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arkhi had to be of a different chor
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Plate 16: Chambog dh6ri5 in the mid
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millet would be enough to satisfy a
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pointing down. The next stage was c
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The story of O'B'mi was told to us
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of Tenbe'na was recited as follows:
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such as me,ca cydtj, which were sai
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and Yasokeni, all played to in a ba
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y the religious practitioners who t
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2. Cf, A1 len: "When I arrived in t
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5.2 The Yakha House The house in wh
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whitewash in painting their houses,
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me Porch The porch (omphu) mediated
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in this. People would put small wov
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to a terrace (Plate 20) which overl
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21). Ground level was part animal e
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clans, lineages and familial roles.
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clan. Yet one five-year old girl si
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Despite the origins of the relation
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are no women mentioned apart from K
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due, was to use their kinship term
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number of relationships covered by
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strife and tension. Quite often the
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situation was often only a temporar
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5.4 The Household Economy The expec
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labourers'). Some distinction betwe
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kind of previously cooked snack foo
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parma workers was a source of extra
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een the collaboration of groups of
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Loans, Debts and Indigency We ident
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'traditional' patterns were changin
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suggests, is a trait shared by all
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Kirsten Johnson and her col leagues
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karele variety grown lower down, an
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also said to keep plants such as du
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whereby people and goods came into,
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and September, before the rice plan
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few weeks ear!ier during Dasai-> to
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maize planting time in the beginnin
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y performing a pul to pokta cyao in
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when his parents died, was granted
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trees served as an important fodder
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valley). There was at that time no
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were said to be found where tigers
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causes of forest depletion. Many pe
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family we interviewed could remembe
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ecological basis of the societies i
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However, our over-r id ing impress
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3. The surprise which some anthropo
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Chapter Seven: Inside-Out: Other Wo
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N.R. Shrestha, 1982, 1985a, 1985b;
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usinesses were located near them, T
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Plate 26: Walking through the fores
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Adding to the sense of Basantapur a
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Plate 28: Sansare Mude bazaar Plate
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Khola valley and to the Himalaya, a
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Annual Fairs In addition to the reg
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verses, these were not generally kn
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8 Tapai- arth ffarnuhos (Promise yo
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problems, The fundamental importanc
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in the district. In our studies of
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clothing from abroad was much in ev
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friend of his. This annual military
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Pakistan war and remembered the con
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everyone, As potential wage labour
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service and bought land in the same
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money paid agents in Kathmandu who
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people concerned, and how the outsi
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and this, perhaps, made marriage ac
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jerked by the strings of broader so
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is ...p rimarily due to the growth
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Sanskritizat ion had been part of Y
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Plate 30: Listening to music Plate
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as a backwater, everyone agreed tha
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students coming from some distance
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For students in ward 9, Okhre-Bhote
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The teachers also administered a sc
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the school. The curriculum followed
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see the spatial relationship betwee
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King Mahendra in 1960 after he accu
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Plate 32: Pradhen P8-c issuing citi
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Outside, people started getting exc
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muscle with regard to its de jure c
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after festivals and somewhat lackad
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As well as the ANM, a students' ass
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Ths school was a central forum for
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of the po!itical struggle, despite
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the ambiguously regarded superpower
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of their shop with stout wooden pla
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section looks briefly at how these
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for individuals within the prevaili
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particular ward, Books and other me
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e overturned: the visiting BNMT wor
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wondered whether everyone was likel
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that, with his influence, a nascent
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Newang, President of the Front. (Hi
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I argued, are particu!arly pertinen
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Yakha, I have produced a text which
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Kathmandu where she enrolled in Eng
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a'wa a a achia ach~ tamum ach~ tapu
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ha emabu bhasnik bhusudna ca came c
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dukka mene jogan duna duna du-ru Da
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i , kma i , mma ka 'nir~o kacek kam
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leema lesnchi le.pma le,kma le*r]ma
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Plate 35: The Maya Khola valley
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pha 'me phak pharog phamne pha* bu
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uc un ucumphakr]a uha uhaoma ukma u
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Appendix I1 Interview Schedule (The
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Annual production: rice, maize, mil
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Adhikary, K. R, 1988,
- Page 419 and 420:
Brown, C. H. 1984. Languages and Li
- Page 421 and 422:
Doherty, V. S. 1975. Kinship and Ec
- Page 424 and 425:
Hitchcock, J , 1961, A Nepalese hil
- Page 426 and 427:
--- 1986b. Human Imapct on Some For
- Page 428 and 429:
Orlove, B. S. 1980. Ecological Anth
- Page 430 and 431:
Shrestha, K. 1984. Nepal i Names fo
- Page 432:
White, L.A, 1959. TheEvolutfon of C