Annual Progress Report on Malting Barley Research March, 2007

More documents

Recommendations

Info

the lead institution for this project. The overall theme of the barley CAP is to integrate and utilize state-of-the-art genomic tools and approaches in plant breeding programs, thereby facilitating the development of superior barley cultivars and access to agronomic and economically important genes. (C) Determination of Factors Controlling Malt Extract (Dr Yin Li). Using a chemometrics approach, we hope to define analytical and process components which have the greatest influence on the development of malt extract. This is valuable, given the greater demands for consistency and uniformity in malting, advances in malting technology (process control), and the potential to improve our understanding of quality through genomics. Common malt analytical procedures have origins in the late 1800’s to 1940’s and have not significantly changed since adopted by ASBC. Extract is a complex trait, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) for malt extract have been identified on each of the 7 barley chromosomes. A statistical approach to factors contributing to extract may also help to identify the type of genes that are of primary importance. The overall objectives will be to statistically evaluate chemical and physical factors that contribute to laboratory extract and its composition. Three separate studies have been conducted to date. • Part I was a study of how operational parameters of grind, grist:water ratio and temperature profile impact the determination of laboratory extract and associated wort quality parameters (Schwarz et al 2007). • Part II was a study of factors influencing extract in a historical population of 16 six-rowed cultivars dating to 1910. Extract values in these samples range from 75 too 80%. A range of chemical and physical factors was evaluated across modification levels. Research is approximately 80% complete. • Part III was a study of factoring influencing extract in a single cultivar (Tradition). Extract (CG) in the original unfractionated samples ranged from 77 to 80%.The second study looked at a population of historical varieties dating back to 1910 (D) Bound Mycotoxins (Ms Zhou Bing). We have recently identified that barley can contain significant amounts of bound DON that is not extractable under normal assay conditions (room temperature extraction with acetonitrile:water). This “bound” DON can represent a very small amount to almost 100% of the DON extracted under normal conditions. The bound nature of the DON does not appear due to simple matrix effects, and finer milling and heating during extraction have a negligible effect. Small but significant amounts of bound DON can be released following treatment with amylolytic enzymes. However, the largest amounts of bound DON are found following hydrolysis/solvolysis of the sample in trichoro acetic acid. The bound nature of the DON has a number of interesting implications. First, there is a possibility that it might be released during digestion of grain based foods/feeds, or during food processing. As an example the occasional increase in DON that is seen during the malting of FHB contaminated grain, might be explained by release of bound 88
forms (through enzymolysis during malting) rather than by synthesis of new DON. Second the binding of DON may represent a defense mechanism of the plant. We are currently optimizing methods for bound DON, and intend to explore the above hypothesises. (E) Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes of Fusarium graminearum (Ms Xinrong Dong). Cell wall degrading enzymes such as cellulases and xylanases might be important in the pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum. As such we are isolating and characterizing xylanase enzymes from Fusarium. Two xylanases have been identified in Fusarium cultures grown on wheat bran. One of the enzymes has been purified approximately 40-fold by a combination of ultrafiltration, ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. (F) Use of Ozone for Controlling the Growth of Fusarium during Malting (Dr Dennis Tobias). Treatment of Fusarium (liquid) cultures and barley grain with gaseous ozone at 11-26 mg O3/ml for up to 2 hr was found to be effective in dramatically reducing Fusarium survival. This method will be optimized and scaled-up to evaluate effectiveness in pilot-steeping. (G) Multiplex real-time PCR for Detection, Identification and Quantification of Fusarium species (Dr Dennis Tobias). There has been considerable concern over a possible shift in Fusarium chemotypes, and thus associated toxin profiles and amounts. The Fusarium species associated with FHB in Midwestern barley was last extensively determined in the mid-1990’s. A major impediment to this work is the difficult and time consuming nature of traditional methods for species determination (plating and microscopic evaluation). The goal of this project is to develop and real-time PCR method that can be used for relatively quick and high throughput analysis of grain samples. This tool is needed both for breeding/pathology and toxicology research. The limited work to date has focused on primer selection. (H) Fusarium mycotoxins in Potato Tubers Infected with Fusarium Dry Rot (Mr. Javier Delgado). We are studying the mycotoxin profiles associated with Fusarium graminearum induced dry-rot of potato. These results have epidemiological implications to FHB in cereals, as potato is often used in rotation with wheat, barley, and corn. FUTURE DIRECTION OF PROGRAM Future Direction. Malting technology is undergoing perhaps the most significant change in the past 100 years, largely through the introduction of new process control(s) methods. This technology change will demand a greater understanding of malt quality, and greater level of consistency in the malting barley. Methods of assessing malt 89
Page 1 and 2:
Annual Pro
Page 3 and 4:
-i- INTRODUCTION The March 2007 <st
Page 5 and 6:
USDA-ARS NORTHERN CROP SCIENCE LABO
Page 7 and 8:
Spring Regional over two years at D
Page 9 and 10:
Table 1. 2006 UCD Two-Rowed Malting
Page 11 and 12:
environments was practiced, 2) elit
Page 13 and 14:
Table 4. Selected six-rowed lines c
Page 15 and 16:
Other Barley Research: Feed Program
Page 17 and 18:
Executive Summary AMBA Prog
Page 19 and 20:
Table 1. Agronomic performance of M
Page 21 and 22:
Lines M122 and M124 were rated sati
Page 23 and 24:
EARLY GENERATION LINES Forty F5 pop
Page 25 and 26:
have evaluated a PCR based marker,
Page 27 and 28:
Edward Schiefelbein, Research Scien
Page 29 and 30:
small grains pathology input to thi
Page 31 and 32:
Project Personnel Small Grains Path
Page 33 and 34:
Investigations on Barley Diseases a
Page 35 and 36:
Minnesota barley disease survey and
Page 37 and 38: pathotypes at the seedling stage in
Page 39 and 40: germplasm with the highest level of
Page 41 and 42: Mirlohi, A., Brueggeman, R., Steffe
Page 43 and 44: Developing Improved Malt Barley Var
Page 45 and 46: Table 2. Montana’s Statewide Tria
Page 47 and 48: As a Barley CAP collaborator, our C
Page 49 and 50: 3.2. A barley nursery composed of d
Page 51 and 52: 5. Related Barley Projects Barley P
Page 53 and 54: Barley Breeding - Advanced Testing
Page 55 and 56: Table 3. Agronomic comparisons of N
Page 57 and 58: Preliminary Malting Barley Yield Tr
Page 59 and 60: dwarf genotypes with the convention
Page 61 and 62: STUDIES ON BARLEY DISEASES AND THEI
Page 63 and 64: inoculated plots. The inoculum used
Page 65 and 66: much of North Dakota in 2006, few f
Page 67 and 68: 5. Collect isolates of barley patho
Page 69 and 70: oot rot. In collaboration with Scot
Page 71 and 72: 2. United States Wheat and Barley S
Page 73 and 74: 6. Lee, S. and Neate, S.M. (2006) P
Page 75 and 76: Objectives Met in the One-Year Fund
Page 77 and 78: These automated methods have been t
Page 79 and 80: Beta-limit dextrin Alpha-Amylase Al
Page 81 and 82: M w kDa 800 600 400 200 0 0.4 0 2 4
Page 83 and 84: Figure 7. Time course of I2-binding
Page 85 and 86: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1993 1994 19
Page 87: 2. Other Research (A) Predicting Se
Page 91 and 92: PUBLICATIONS (2006-07) Schwarz, P.B
Page 93 and 94: CI9214, PI552963 (Heartland), and N
Page 95 and 96: showing good levels of resistance t
Page 97 and 98: Germplasm Enhancement for RWA Resis
Page 99 and 100: Gary Hein in Colorado and Nebraska.
Page 101 and 102: Kevin Hicks, Research Leader, USDA-
Page 103 and 104: Detailed Report on
Page 105 and 106: Other Barley Research and Future Di
Page 107 and 108: Table 1. 2006/2007 Oregon winter ba
Page 109 and 110: Table 4. Agronomic data for OSU win
Page 111 and 112: MALTING QUALITY ANALYSIS OF NEW BAR
Page 113 and 114: We recently secured an industrial c
Page 115 and 116: 2006-2007 Progress
Page 117 and 118: enzyme it encodes. We found that se
Page 119 and 120: horseradish peroxidase-conjugated g
Page 121 and 122: found in plant cell walls. The degr
Page 123 and 124: Establishing that sequence variatio
Page 125: Charles Karpelenia, technician Joe
show all

Annual Progress Report on Malting Barley Research March, 2007

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?