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One might expect that if individuals begin their therapy more positive about the therapeutic alliance at the outset they are consequently more likely to have a better rupture-repair cycle and better results at the end. This highlights the necessity of establishing a good rapport at the outset of therapy. Butler and Strupp (1986) said that because therapy involves such a multitude of contextual contingencies, finding out which specific therapy techniques reliably affect the alliance across a broad range of situations is very difficult. It is difficult to make generalisations from individuals as each has such a unique relationship with their therapist. Therapist and client factors have been discussed above and numerous factors have been found to impact on the establishment of a good therapy alliance. So far however, patient-therapy matching has not been supported. Patient-therapy matching on the basis of race was not found to significantly affect overall functioning outcome, service retention and total number of sessions attended for African-American and Caucasian-American adult populations in mental health services in a recent metaanalysis, (Shin, 2005). Finally, how the client perceives the therapist is of primary importance for establishing a positive therapeutic relationship. The clients’ predisposing schemas, as well as their expectations of therapy and their agreement and understanding of goals and tasks, must be assessed and monitored throughout therapy. It is agreed that establishing a positive alliance at the outset of therapy is associated with better outcome and thus the relationship is considered as important in its own right. 18
References Alexander, L. B. & Luborsky, L. (1986). The Penn helping alliance scales. In Safran, J. D. & Muran, J. C. Negotiating the Therapeutic Alliance (2000). The Guilford Press. Binder, J.L. & Strupp, H.H. (1997). In Safran, J. D. & Muran, J. C. Negotiating the Therapeutic Alliance (2000). The Guilford Press. Bachelor, A. (1995). Clients’ perception of the therapeutic alliance: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 42 (3) 325-337. Barber, J. P.; Luborsky, L.; Gallop, R.; Crits-Christoph, P.; Frank, A.; Weiss, R. D.; Thase, M. E.; Connolly, M. B.; Gladis, M.; Foltz, C.; Siqueland, L. (2001) Therapeutic Alliance as a Predictor of Outcome and Retention in the National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. American Psychological Association Volume 69(1), February 2001, p 119– 124 Bordin, E.S. (1976). The generalisability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory Research and Practice, 16, 252-260. Bordin, E.S. (1980). Building therapeutic alliances: the base for integration of human bonds that bind or free. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Pacific Grove, CA. In Bordin, E.S. (1989). Building therapeutic alliances: The base for integration. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration, Berkeley, CA. Brenner, C. (1979). In Safran, J, D & Muran J, C,. (2000). Negotiating the Therapeutic Alliance. The Guilford Press. 19
Page 1 and 2: DClinPsy Portfolio Volume 1 of 3 A
Page 3 and 4: Discuss the importance of the thera
Page 5 and 6: Psychoanalytically, the focus has b
Page 7 and 8: Type 2 refers to joint working and
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Page 13 and 14: Importance of Therapeutic Relations
Page 15 and 16: The therapist must also be aware of
Page 17: Understanding what constitutes a po
Page 21 and 22: Gutfreund, M. J. (1992). A close-up
Page 23 and 24: Lambert, M. J. & Bergin, A. E. (199
Page 25 and 26: Shin, Sung-Man; Chow, Clifton; Cama
Page 27 and 28: Introduction Historically there has
Page 29 and 30: Furthermore connections’ in relat
Page 31 and 32: A triangular pattern of protection
Page 33 and 34: Another issue related to empowering
Page 35 and 36: There are many issues that the psyc
Page 37 and 38: Furthermore a common tendency in pe
Page 39 and 40: Conclusion Although systemic and ps
Page 41 and 42: References Banks, R. (2003). Psycho
Page 43 and 44: Linington, M. (2002). ‘Whose hand
Page 45 and 46: Small Scale Service Related Project
Page 47 and 48: • 36% stated that voluntary atten
Page 49 and 50: CONTENTS Pages Introduction 50-58 M
Page 51 and 52: Individual authors from different p
Page 53 and 54: Aim of current project This study w
Page 55 and 56: - appointment times given to all at
Page 57 and 58: RESULTS Forty professionals took pa
Page 59 and 60: The highest rated factor is about t
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2 Ratings of importance of e
Page 63 and 64: Figure 4 Ratings of importance of e
Page 65 and 66: Nursing rated the following five po
Page 67 and 68: Question Graph showing views of pro
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Other comments from Nursing stated
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However, the comments section invol
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e audited. Furthermore, it may be u
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Hodgson, R., Jamal, A., Gayathri, B
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APPENDICES 77
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How Multi-disciplinary Staff View W
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28 Are the patients attending given
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There should be a named person resp
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Literature Review Body Image, Disor
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Prevalence studies across Europe, t
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For example, the use of appetite su
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The next part of this review will e
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Similarly, negative characteristics
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When body image distress is very lo
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The role of emotion regulation in t
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Experiential avoidance is the unwil
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Ineffective avoidance coping strate
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References Alexander, L. C., Gratz,
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Croll, J. Neumark-Stainer, D., stor
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Hayes, S. C., Masuda, A., Bissett,
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Keel, P. K., Fulkerson, J. A., and
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McVey, G.L., Pepler, D., Davis, R.,
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Piran, N and Cormier, H.C. (2005) t
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Stice, E., Presnell, K., Shaw, H. a
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APPENDIX I: Search strategy Consult
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Body Image, Disordered Eating and E
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ACT and weight control 139 ACT and
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Demographics of sample and epidemio
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Introduction This study reports on
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Consequences of disordered eating P
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Transdiagnostic approach in underst
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Factors implicated in the developme
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Feelings of depression/ high levels
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ACT and processing unpleasant emoti
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Applying ACT theory to weight contr
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Heffner et al, (2002) assert that t
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This phenomenon has encouraged furt
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This project will therefore seek to
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Method Design: A non experimental,
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The researcher remained in the room
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The psychological scales will be de
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The comparison group (n = 770) cons
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4) Hospital Anxiety and Depression
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The BMI-for-age weight status categ
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Results Section I will provide desc
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The majority were in the middle set
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Table 5: Frequency counts and perce
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As regards experience of an illness
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Min-Max Skewness (Std error) 1-23 0
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The lower boundary of the box repre
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3. Moderate EDR compared to High ED
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Comparison of Body Image Acceptance
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Table 12 - Descriptive statistics f
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The boxplot above shows that there
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Hospital Anxiety & Deperssion Scale
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3. Anxiety-Underweight compared to
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As can be seen from the above scatt
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Hospital Anxiety & Deperssion Scale
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Comparison Mean difference (SE) Z p
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Section III - Further contributing
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Due to the small sample size in the
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Eating Disorder risk categories Tot
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25 (28%) out of the 88 participants
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% within Body mass index USA 35.7%
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Table 33: Results of the logistic r
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Moreover, 13% of those aged 12-14 y
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The clinical variables of anxiety a
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Summary of additional findings The
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Low self esteem involves an uncondi
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This study has supported the relati
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Co-morbidity with other psychopatho
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After insertion, if the fingers pul
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This is consistent with the asserti
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The sample size was not adequate fo
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Conclusion This study found that in
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Catalano, R. F., Hawkins, J. D., Be
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Greco, L. A., Blomquist, K. K., Acr
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HADS, and the influence of age, gen
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Mykletun, A., Stordal, E. & Dahl, A
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Smolak, L., Levine, M. P., & Strieg
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Willcox, M. & Sattler, D. N. (1996)
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Appendix 3 Body Image Acceptance an
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Appendix 4 Hospital Anxiety and Dep
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Appendix 5 Background information D
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Appendix 6 Information sheet for pa
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If after reading this information s
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Dear Sir/Madam, U H Doctor of Clini
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U H CONSENT FORM Title of Project:
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CERTIFICATE OF ACHEIVEMENT This is
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Debriefing sheet Title of project:
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Appendix 10 Ethics approval Form SC
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Appendix 12 Boxplots and Descriptiv
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Appendix 13 Box plot and Descriptiv
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Journal-Ready Copy Helen Eracleous
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Abstract Objective: The study inves
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Taking such a perspective may also
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ACT suggests that inflexibility (i.
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The EDI has been the measure of cho
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Additional research questions were
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Hypotheses III Inflexibility was po
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A potential explanation may be that
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The last two are choosing life dire
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Clinical implications Due to the cr
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Conclusion The hypotheses investiga
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Greco, L. A., Lambert, W., & Baer,
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Smolak, L., Levine, M. P., and Stri
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