DClinPsy Portfolio Volume 1 of 3 - University of Hertfordshire ...

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There was also no significant difference found between perfectionism and EDR counter to previous research that has found perfectionism to be a risk factor in the eating disorders. Moreover, EDR was considered in relation to BMI groups and an association was found χ² = 11.30, df = 4, p = 0.02, Contingency Coefficient 0.33. Furthermore selfesteem was found to be positively associated with EDR as was predicted. Lastly the logistic regression analysis found that low self esteem was the strongest predictor of EDR. The other four predictor variables included in this analysis included inflexibility, body image acceptance, depression and anxiety. Discussion This study aimed to explore the primary hypotheses that inflexibility would be associated with disordered eating in adolescent females measured as eating disorder risk (EDR). Body image acceptance (defined by ACT), depression and anxiety were also explored in relation to EDR and BMI groups. Inflexibility was associated with lower acceptance of body image and those most at risk of an eating disorder were found to be less accepting of their body image and had higher inflexibility, depression and anxiety. This was as predicted and is in accordance with the ACT theory that holds lower acceptance to be a part of inflexibility as flexibility includes ‘acceptance’ (defined above) and inflexibility includes the opposite of ‘acceptance’ (i.e. experiential avoidance). Therefore, inflexibility is implicated in eating pathology and these findings add weight to its importance as a transtheoretical process to be included in the understanding and treatment of eating pathology as well as co-occurring disorders. Of the additional research questions focusing on other contributing factors, it was found that those reporting an eating disorder history in the family had higher inflexibility and significantly more were in the high EDR group. 274
A potential explanation may be that inflexibility or eating habits in response to experiential avoidance are learnt within the family, so that those that engage in high eating disorder risk behaviours do so in response to their inflexibility. There was also more drug and alcohol users in the high EDR group, these individuals may be prone to more risk taking behaviour or be more exposed to drugs and alcohol in their family/peer systems. Lastly, self-esteem was also positively associated with EDR and was found to be the best predictor of EDR, this is in accordance with the CBT perspective which holds low self esteem as one of the most significant factors relevant across the EDs. Relevance of the findings in relation to ACT If inflexibility is associated with pathology and acceptance (i.e. the reverse) associated with less pathology, then facilitating acceptance may be an important part to include in a transdiagnostic model of eating pathology. The above results have been displayed in the following model and an explanation of the approach will ensue. 275
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DClinPsy Portfolio Volume 1 of 3 A
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Discuss the importance of the thera
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Psychoanalytically, the focus has b
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Type 2 refers to joint working and
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It appears that what links the conc
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It was concluded that the direct as
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Importance of Therapeutic Relations
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The therapist must also be aware of
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Understanding what constitutes a po
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References Alexander, L. B. & Lubor
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Gutfreund, M. J. (1992). A close-up
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Lambert, M. J. & Bergin, A. E. (199
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Shin, Sung-Man; Chow, Clifton; Cama
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Introduction Historically there has
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Furthermore connections’ in relat
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A triangular pattern of protection
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Another issue related to empowering
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There are many issues that the psyc
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Furthermore a common tendency in pe
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Conclusion Although systemic and ps
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References Banks, R. (2003). Psycho
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Linington, M. (2002). ‘Whose hand
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Small Scale Service Related Project
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• 36% stated that voluntary atten
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CONTENTS Pages Introduction 50-58 M
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Individual authors from different p
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Aim of current project This study w
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- appointment times given to all at
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RESULTS Forty professionals took pa
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The highest rated factor is about t
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Figure 2 Ratings of importance of e
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Figure 4 Ratings of importance of e
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Nursing rated the following five po
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Question Graph showing views of pro
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Other comments from Nursing stated
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However, the comments section invol
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e audited. Furthermore, it may be u
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Hodgson, R., Jamal, A., Gayathri, B
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APPENDICES 77
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How Multi-disciplinary Staff View W
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28 Are the patients attending given
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There should be a named person resp
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Literature Review Body Image, Disor
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Prevalence studies across Europe, t
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For example, the use of appetite su
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The next part of this review will e
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Similarly, negative characteristics
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When body image distress is very lo
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The role of emotion regulation in t
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Experiential avoidance is the unwil
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Ineffective avoidance coping strate
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References Alexander, L. C., Gratz,
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Croll, J. Neumark-Stainer, D., stor
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Hayes, S. C., Masuda, A., Bissett,
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Keel, P. K., Fulkerson, J. A., and
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McVey, G.L., Pepler, D., Davis, R.,
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Piran, N and Cormier, H.C. (2005) t
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Stice, E., Presnell, K., Shaw, H. a
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APPENDIX I: Search strategy Consult
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Body Image, Disordered Eating and E
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ACT and weight control 139 ACT and
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Demographics of sample and epidemio
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Introduction This study reports on
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Consequences of disordered eating P
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Transdiagnostic approach in underst
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Factors implicated in the developme
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Feelings of depression/ high levels
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ACT and processing unpleasant emoti
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Applying ACT theory to weight contr
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Heffner et al, (2002) assert that t
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This phenomenon has encouraged furt
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This project will therefore seek to
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Method Design: A non experimental,
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The researcher remained in the room
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The psychological scales will be de
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The comparison group (n = 770) cons
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4) Hospital Anxiety and Depression
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The BMI-for-age weight status categ
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Results Section I will provide desc
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The majority were in the middle set
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Table 5: Frequency counts and perce
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As regards experience of an illness
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Min-Max Skewness (Std error) 1-23 0
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The lower boundary of the box repre
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3. Moderate EDR compared to High ED
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Comparison of Body Image Acceptance
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Table 12 - Descriptive statistics f
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The boxplot above shows that there
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Hospital Anxiety & Deperssion Scale
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3. Anxiety-Underweight compared to
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As can be seen from the above scatt
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Hospital Anxiety & Deperssion Scale
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Comparison Mean difference (SE) Z p
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Section III - Further contributing
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Due to the small sample size in the
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Eating Disorder risk categories Tot
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25 (28%) out of the 88 participants
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% within Body mass index USA 35.7%
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Table 33: Results of the logistic r
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Moreover, 13% of those aged 12-14 y
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The clinical variables of anxiety a
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Summary of additional findings The
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Low self esteem involves an uncondi
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This study has supported the relati
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Co-morbidity with other psychopatho
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After insertion, if the fingers pul
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This is consistent with the asserti
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The sample size was not adequate fo
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Conclusion This study found that in
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Catalano, R. F., Hawkins, J. D., Be
Page 223 and 224: Greco, L. A., Blomquist, K. K., Acr
Page 225 and 226: HADS, and the influence of age, gen
Page 227 and 228: Mykletun, A., Stordal, E. & Dahl, A
Page 229 and 230: Smolak, L., Levine, M. P., & Strieg
Page 231: Willcox, M. & Sattler, D. N. (1996)
Page 237 and 238: Appendix 3 Body Image Acceptance an
Page 239 and 240: Appendix 4 Hospital Anxiety and Dep
Page 241 and 242: Appendix 5 Background information D
Page 243 and 244: Appendix 6 Information sheet for pa
Page 245 and 246: If after reading this information s
Page 247 and 248: Dear Sir/Madam, U H Doctor of Clini
Page 249 and 250: U H CONSENT FORM Title of Project:
Page 251 and 252: CERTIFICATE OF ACHEIVEMENT This is
Page 253 and 254: Debriefing sheet Title of project:
Page 255 and 256: Appendix 10 Ethics approval Form SC
Page 257 and 258: Appendix 12 Boxplots and Descriptiv
Page 259 and 260: Appendix 13 Box plot and Descriptiv
Page 261 and 262: Journal-Ready Copy Helen Eracleous
Page 263 and 264: Abstract Objective: The study inves
Page 265 and 266: Taking such a perspective may also
Page 267 and 268: ACT suggests that inflexibility (i.
Page 269 and 270: The EDI has been the measure of cho
Page 271 and 272: Additional research questions were
Page 273: Hypotheses III Inflexibility was po
Page 277 and 278: The last two are choosing life dire
Page 279 and 280: Clinical implications Due to the cr
Page 281 and 282: Conclusion The hypotheses investiga
Page 283 and 284: Greco, L. A., Lambert, W., & Baer,
Page 285: Smolak, L., Levine, M. P., and Stri
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