DClinPsy Portfolio Volume 1 of 3 - University of Hertfordshire ...

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5) Background Information and BMI The information sought included the number, age and gender of siblings, ethnicity, living arrangements, learning sets at school, family history of eating disorders/obesity and mental illness, use of non prescribed drugs and alcohol and certain life experiences such as move of house/school, loss of a family member/friend accident, illness, bullying, hospitalisation and abuse. In addition, a calculation of the Body Mass Index (BMI) was undertaken, which uses weight and height as well as age to indicate body fatness. BMI is considered a reliable indicator of body fatness for most children and adolescents (Lask and Bryant-Waugh, 2000) and was calculated using the Center for Disease Control and Prevention website. It is calculated by dividing weight in Kg by square of length/height (m2). After BMI is calculated it is plotted on the BMI-for-age and sex growth charts to obtain a percentile ranking. The percentile indicates the relative position of the child’s BMI number among children of the same sex and age. The BMI-for-age weight status categories differ in the U.K from the U.S. In the U.S ‘underweight’ represents those in less than the 5 th percentile, ‘healthy weight’ the 5 th percentile to less than the 85 th percentile, those ‘at risk of becoming overweight’ the 85 th to less than the 95 th percentile. Finally the ‘overweight’ group includes those equal to or greater than the 95 th percentile. For the U.K weight categories ‘underweight’ is less than the 2nd percentile, ‘healthy weight’ is the 3rd percentile to less than the 90 th percentile, ‘overweight’ is the 91 st to less than the 98 th percentile and ‘obese’ those equal to or greater than the 98 th percentile. Data Analysis Group comparisons were made between the EDR groups in relation to the variables by carrying out Mann Whitney U Tests and considering the effect sizes using Cohen’s d. Inflexibility was considered in relation to the key variables by carrying out Pearson’s Correlational analysis. 270
Additional research questions were tested and a Logistic Regression analysis was conducted in order to build a prediction model whereby the five key variables were entered as predictors in order to decipher the log odds of the outcome of EDR defined by the values of covariates in the model (i.e. inflexibility, body image acceptance, depression, anxiety and self-esteem). Results Socio-demographic description of the sample The ages of the 96 participants ranged from 12-15 with an ethnicity mix of White, 46%, Black/Mixed 27%, Asian 13% and other 11%. Their academic performance was obtained by acquiring information regarding maths set. 36% were in the Top set, 42% were in the Middle set and 17% were in the Bottom set. As regards the distributions of BMI classification, the majority were in the healthy range (63%), followed by 22% in the underweight range and 15% in the overweight range. The distribution of participants into eating disorder risk (EDR) groups were 70% in the low, 18% in the moderate and 12% in the high EDR group. A history of eating disorders (including obesity) in the family was reported by 10% with 85% reporting no such history. 12% reported a history of mental illness in the family and 77% reported that they had no such history. 71% reported no alcohol use and 21% reported drinking alcohol, 8% reported illicit drug use and 78% reported no such use. Finally, bullying was reported by 28% with 71% reporting no such experience. Testing the hypotheses of the study The first group of hypotheses considered inflexibility in relation to body image acceptance and EDR. Hypotheses I 271
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DClinPsy Portfolio Volume 1 of 3 A
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Discuss the importance of the thera
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Psychoanalytically, the focus has b
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Type 2 refers to joint working and
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It appears that what links the conc
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It was concluded that the direct as
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Importance of Therapeutic Relations
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The therapist must also be aware of
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Understanding what constitutes a po
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References Alexander, L. B. & Lubor
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Gutfreund, M. J. (1992). A close-up
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Lambert, M. J. & Bergin, A. E. (199
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Shin, Sung-Man; Chow, Clifton; Cama
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Introduction Historically there has
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Furthermore connections’ in relat
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A triangular pattern of protection
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Another issue related to empowering
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There are many issues that the psyc
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Furthermore a common tendency in pe
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Conclusion Although systemic and ps
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References Banks, R. (2003). Psycho
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Linington, M. (2002). ‘Whose hand
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Small Scale Service Related Project
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• 36% stated that voluntary atten
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CONTENTS Pages Introduction 50-58 M
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Individual authors from different p
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Aim of current project This study w
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- appointment times given to all at
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RESULTS Forty professionals took pa
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The highest rated factor is about t
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Figure 2 Ratings of importance of e
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Figure 4 Ratings of importance of e
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Nursing rated the following five po
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Question Graph showing views of pro
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Other comments from Nursing stated
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However, the comments section invol
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e audited. Furthermore, it may be u
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Hodgson, R., Jamal, A., Gayathri, B
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APPENDICES 77
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How Multi-disciplinary Staff View W
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28 Are the patients attending given
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There should be a named person resp
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Literature Review Body Image, Disor
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Prevalence studies across Europe, t
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For example, the use of appetite su
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The next part of this review will e
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Similarly, negative characteristics
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When body image distress is very lo
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The role of emotion regulation in t
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Experiential avoidance is the unwil
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Ineffective avoidance coping strate
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References Alexander, L. C., Gratz,
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Croll, J. Neumark-Stainer, D., stor
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Hayes, S. C., Masuda, A., Bissett,
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Keel, P. K., Fulkerson, J. A., and
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McVey, G.L., Pepler, D., Davis, R.,
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Piran, N and Cormier, H.C. (2005) t
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Stice, E., Presnell, K., Shaw, H. a
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APPENDIX I: Search strategy Consult
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Body Image, Disordered Eating and E
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ACT and weight control 139 ACT and
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Demographics of sample and epidemio
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Introduction This study reports on
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Consequences of disordered eating P
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Transdiagnostic approach in underst
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Factors implicated in the developme
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Feelings of depression/ high levels
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ACT and processing unpleasant emoti
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Applying ACT theory to weight contr
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Heffner et al, (2002) assert that t
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This phenomenon has encouraged furt
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This project will therefore seek to
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Method Design: A non experimental,
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The researcher remained in the room
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The psychological scales will be de
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The comparison group (n = 770) cons
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4) Hospital Anxiety and Depression
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The BMI-for-age weight status categ
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Results Section I will provide desc
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The majority were in the middle set
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Table 5: Frequency counts and perce
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As regards experience of an illness
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Min-Max Skewness (Std error) 1-23 0
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The lower boundary of the box repre
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3. Moderate EDR compared to High ED
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Comparison of Body Image Acceptance
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Table 12 - Descriptive statistics f
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The boxplot above shows that there
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Hospital Anxiety & Deperssion Scale
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3. Anxiety-Underweight compared to
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As can be seen from the above scatt
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Hospital Anxiety & Deperssion Scale
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Comparison Mean difference (SE) Z p
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Section III - Further contributing
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Due to the small sample size in the
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Eating Disorder risk categories Tot
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25 (28%) out of the 88 participants
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% within Body mass index USA 35.7%
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Table 33: Results of the logistic r
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Moreover, 13% of those aged 12-14 y
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The clinical variables of anxiety a
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Summary of additional findings The
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Low self esteem involves an uncondi
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This study has supported the relati
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Co-morbidity with other psychopatho
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After insertion, if the fingers pul
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This is consistent with the asserti
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The sample size was not adequate fo
Page 219 and 220: Conclusion This study found that in
Page 221 and 222: Catalano, R. F., Hawkins, J. D., Be
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Page 225 and 226: HADS, and the influence of age, gen
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Page 229 and 230: Smolak, L., Levine, M. P., & Strieg
Page 231: Willcox, M. & Sattler, D. N. (1996)
Page 237 and 238: Appendix 3 Body Image Acceptance an
Page 239 and 240: Appendix 4 Hospital Anxiety and Dep
Page 241 and 242: Appendix 5 Background information D
Page 243 and 244: Appendix 6 Information sheet for pa
Page 245 and 246: If after reading this information s
Page 247 and 248: Dear Sir/Madam, U H Doctor of Clini
Page 249 and 250: U H CONSENT FORM Title of Project:
Page 251 and 252: CERTIFICATE OF ACHEIVEMENT This is
Page 253 and 254: Debriefing sheet Title of project:
Page 255 and 256: Appendix 10 Ethics approval Form SC
Page 257 and 258: Appendix 12 Boxplots and Descriptiv
Page 259 and 260: Appendix 13 Box plot and Descriptiv
Page 261 and 262: Journal-Ready Copy Helen Eracleous
Page 263 and 264: Abstract Objective: The study inves
Page 265 and 266: Taking such a perspective may also
Page 267 and 268: ACT suggests that inflexibility (i.
Page 269: The EDI has been the measure of cho
Page 273 and 274: Hypotheses III Inflexibility was po
Page 275 and 276: A potential explanation may be that
Page 277 and 278: The last two are choosing life dire
Page 279 and 280: Clinical implications Due to the cr
Page 281 and 282: Conclusion The hypotheses investiga
Page 283 and 284: Greco, L. A., Lambert, W., & Baer,
Page 285: Smolak, L., Levine, M. P., and Stri
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