The Davis Strait - DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi

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Figure 4.8.2. Track lines and Kernel Home Range polygons from 31 walruses instrumented with satellite- linked transmitters at Store Hellefiskebanke during March-April 2005-2008 and at Southeast Baffin Island during August-September 2008 (Dietz et al. 2010). 124 68°N 66°N 64°N Walrus 65°W Haul-out sites 62°N St. Hellefiskebanke (
tively impacted by disturbance from ship traffic and oil spills (Wiig et al. 1996). During haul out walruses are particularly sensitive to disturbance, including sailing, traffic on land, and flying (Born et al. 1995 and references therein). This was for example documented by Born & Knutsen (1990) who, based on fieldwork in Northeast Greenland, concluded that air traffic should not go closer than 5 km to haul out sites. This minimum distance could be tentatively applied to walruses on ice. The effect of oil spills on walruses has not been studied in the field. However, Born et al. (1995) and Wiig et al. (1996) speculated that if walruses do not avoid oil on the water they may suffer if their habitats are affected by oil and that they, like other marine mammals, can be harmed by both short-term and long-term exposure. Born et al. (1995) pointed to the fact that some features in the ecology of walruses make them more vulnerable to the harmful effects of spilled oil than many other marine mammals: • Due to the high level of gregariousness in walruses, an oil spill that affects one would be likely to affect at least several individuals. • Their pronounced thigmotactic behavior on ice and on land makes it likely that oil-fouled walruses will rub oil onto the skin or into the eyes of other individuals. • Walruses tend to inhabit coastal areas and areas of relatively loose pack ice. Spilled oil is likely to accumulate in just such areas (Griffiths et al. 1987). Walruses therefore have a high risk of being fouled not only in the water but also when they haul out. • Because they are benthic feeders, walruses may be more likely to ingest petroleum hydrocarbons than most other pinnipeds. Benthic invertebrates are known to accumulate petroleum hydrocarbons from food, sediments and the surrounding water (Richardson et al. 1989). Mortality of several species of benthic invertebrate including bivalve mollusks has been observed as a direct effect of oil spills (North 1967, Percy & Mullin 1975, both fide U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1993). Furthermore, sublethal effects on the behaviour, physiology, and productivity of benthic mollusks may result from exposure to petroleum products (Clark & Finley 1977). The implications for walruses may be serious since contaminants in their food are certain to build up in their own tissue. Also, if oil contamination were to reduce the biomass or productivity of the invertebrate communities that sustain walruses there would evidently be some secondary impact on the walruses themselves. • Walruses are stenophagous and depend on access to mollusk banks in shallow water. Oil spills in certain feeding areas could force walruses to seek alternative food or relocate to other feeding areas. It cannot be assumed that alternative types of food or feeding areas are actually available; thus, such an oil spill scenario could prove detrimental to the walruses. Conclusions: Walruses from the West Greenland-Southeast Baffin Island stock may occur between some time in fall until sometime in May (period likely to depend to a large extent on ice conditions in any particular year) in West Greenland 30 to 100 km off the coast between approx. 65° 30' N and approx. 68° 15' N. Main distribution in this region is between approx. 66° 30' N and approx. 68° 15' N (i.e. Store Hellefiskebanke). Satellite telemetry (2005-2008) and aerial surveys (1981-2008) indicate that only a small fraction 125
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THE DAVIS STRAIT A preliminary stra
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AU THE DAVIS STRAIT A preliminary s
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Contents Preface 5 Summary and conc
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Preface The Bureau of Minerals and
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anks are normally ice free or have
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ed in large numbers in the assessme
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cetaceans (whales and harbour porpo
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placement and transport corridors.
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shrimp and Greenland halibut, for i
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Mitigation The risk of accidents an
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Miljøet Det pelagiske miljø De fy
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Fangst og udnyttelse Menneskelig ud
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Indenfor fiskeriet, er risikoen for
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Kumulative effekter Der vil være e
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dybde, kan muligvis ændre på konk
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ingsæl, spættet sæl, finhval, pu
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tassannga misilittagarineqalersut s
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Timmisat imarmiut amerlasoorsuit, q
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lu klimami pissutsinut atuutunut tu
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toqunartoqarneri arrortikkuminarner
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toqusarnermik taarserneqarluni, uum
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minguttitamiit ajoquserneqarsinnaan
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Kalaallit Nunaanni immikkut ulorian
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Figure 1.1.1. The assessment area,
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VEC = Valued Ecosystem Components V
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tings/well and in total 6,000 tons
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2.9 Other activities Ship transport
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Figure 3.2.1. Major sea surface cur
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3.2.3 The coasts The coastal zone b
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Jan Feb May Apr May Jul Aug Sep Oct
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Figure 3.3.3. Average sea ice exten
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Figure 3.3.4. Major iceberg sources
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4 Biological environment 4.1 Primar
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Figure 4.1.1. Monthly progressions
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Figure 4.2.1. Calanus spp. biomass
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69 Fish larvae are important compon
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Figure 4.2.4. Red dots indicate san
Page 75 and 76: focus should improve our understand
Page 77 and 78: The coastal zone of the assessment
Page 79 and 80: 183 macroalgal species (excl. the b
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.3.1. Distribution of macroa
Page 83 and 84: Chaetomorpha capillaris Chaetomorph
Page 85 and 86: egistered in the area. A similar pa
Page 87 and 88: The sea ice algal production in the
Page 89 and 90: 1990) and then north (mid-2000s) in
Page 91 and 92: September when they have reached a
Page 93 and 94: Salmon, Salmo salar Biology and dis
Page 95 and 96: tween 1 and 2.4 billion individuals
Page 97 and 98: It should be noted that the breedin
Page 99 and 100: 66°N 64°N 62°N 60°W 60°W Arcti
Page 101 and 102: Knowledge on habitat use of the win
Page 103 and 104: Great shearwater, Puffinus gravis T
Page 105 and 106: Common eider, Somateria mollissima
Page 107 and 108: Figures 4.7.7. At-sea distribution
Page 109 and 110: Figure 4.7.9. Distribution and inte
Page 111 and 112: Figure 4.7.11. At-sea distribution
Page 113 and 114: The Iceland gull has a favourable c
Page 115 and 116: Figure 4.7.12. Distribution and int
Page 117 and 118: Murres spend very long time on the
Page 119 and 120: The puffins are migratory, but thei
Page 121 and 122: Figure 4.7.16. Density of whitetail
Page 123 and 124: sonal communication 1984) varied wi
Page 125: Numbers: The status of the walrus s
Page 129 and 130: surround the eyes and line the oral
Page 131 and 132: Sensitivity: Non-whelping hooded se
Page 133 and 134: winter in reoccurring leads and pol
Page 135 and 136: Critical and important habitats: Th
Page 137 and 138: Figure 4.8.6. The main frequency ra
Page 139 and 140: tude breeding grounds and high lati
Page 141 and 142: Figure 4.8.7. Migration routes for
Page 143 and 144: long-finned squid (Loligo pealei) (
Page 145 and 146: Until recently the abundance of har
Page 147 and 148: Figure 4.8.9. Main summer and winte
Page 149 and 150: 4.9.1 Pelagic hotspots The shelf ba
Page 151 and 152: 5 Natural resource use 5.1 Commerci
Page 153 and 154: 66°N 64°N 62°N 60°W Snow crab c
Page 155 and 156: Figure 5.1.4. Distribution and size
Page 157 and 158: Salmon, Salmo salar The fishery for
Page 159 and 160: Figure 5.2.2. Annual number of king
Page 161 and 162: 2003/04-2007/08 the catch averaged
Page 163 and 164: 66°N 64°N 62°N 66°N 64°N 62°N
Page 165 and 166: Figure 5.2.6. The West Greenland ca
Page 167 and 168: Figure 5.3.1. The number of cruise
Page 169 and 170: 6.2 National nature protection legi
Page 171 and 172: formation see the IBA website (http
Page 173 and 174: glaucous gulls, great black-backed
Page 175 and 176: 7.2 Conclusions on contaminant leve
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structures containing up to 10 ring
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The current warming trends are ofte
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species interactions. In the review
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8.5 Marine mammals and seabirds The
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9 Impact assessment David Boertmann
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10 Impacts of the potential routine
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Impact of seismic noise on zoo- and
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type or timing of vocalisations. In
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detailed studies on the effect of s
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Table 10.1.1. Overview of potential
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een eliminated on the grounds of en
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10.3 Development and production act
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hydrocarbon activities in Greenland
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parts of the shelf. Activities in t
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Seabird hunting is widespread and i
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There is a risk of reduced availabi
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General knowledge on the potential
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week period after the Exxon Valdez
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In general, species with distinct s
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A study of the density and distribu
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majority of the biomass. From a bio
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waters longer. The coastal fishery
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Seal pups are very sensitive to dir
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indicates that similar long-term im
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other parameters. It should be note
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Autumn (September-November) During
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to oil spills and produced water. I
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12.2.1 Ecotoxicological Monitoring
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Andersen JB, Böcher J, Guttmann B,
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Anon (2011b). Selvstyrets bekendtg
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Blackwell SB, Lawson JW, Williams M
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Born EW (2003). Reproduction in mal
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Buch E, Nielsen MH, Pedersen SA (20
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Clark RC, Finley JS (1977). Effects
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Dietz R, Heide-Jørgensen MP (1995)
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Falk K, Møller S (1997). Breeding
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Gjertz I, Kovacs KM, Lydersen C, Wi
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Hansen JLS, Hjorth M, Rasmussen MB,
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Heide-Jørgensen MP, Laidre KL (201
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Horsted SA (2000). A review of the
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Jonas RF (1974). Prospect for the e
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Ketten DR, Lien J, Todd S (1993). B
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Lick R, Piatkowski U (1998). Stomac
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Melle W, Serigstad B, Ellertsen B (
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Mosbech A, Danø R, Merkel FR, Sonn
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Nielsen OK, Lyck E, Mikkelsen MH, H
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Parry GD, Gason A (2006). The effec
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Popper AN, Fewtrell J, Smith ME, Mc
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Rivkin RB, Tian R, Anderson MR, Pay
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Schaaning MT, Trannum HC, Øxnevad
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Simpson AC, Howell BR, Warren PJ (1
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Taylor MK, Akeeagok S, Andriashek D
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Wegeberg S, Bangsholt J, Dolmer P,
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The Davis Strait - DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi

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