The Davis Strait - DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi

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50 (wells and pipelines) and to discharges to sea and emissions to air. The major discharge to the sea is produced water. 2.7 Produced water Produced water is by far the largest ‘by-product’ of the production process. On a daily basis some Canadian offshore fields produced between 11,000 and 30,000 m 3 /day (Fraser et al. 2006), and the total amount produced on the Norwegian shelf was 174 millions m 3 in 2004 (OLF 2005). Produced water contains small amounts of oil, salts from the reservoir and chemicals added during the production process. Some of these chemicals are acutely toxic, or are radioactive, contain heavy metals, have hormone disruptive effects or act as nutrients which influence primary production (Lee et al. 2005). Some are persistent and have the potential to bio-accumulate. The produced water moreover contributes to the major part of the oil pollution during normal operations, e.g. in Norway up to 88 %. Produced water has usually been discharged to the sea after a cleaning process which reduces the amount of oil to levels accepted by the authorities (in the North Sea sector of Norway, for example, 40 mg/l or 30 mg/l as recommended by OSPAR). Discharges of produced water and chemicals to the water column appear to have acute effects on marine life only in the immediate vicinity of the installations due to the dilution effect. But long-term effects of the releases of produced water have not been studied, and several uncertainties have been expressed concerning, for example, the hormone-disrupting alkylphenols and radioactive components with respect to toxic concentrations, bioaccumulation, etc. (Meier et al. 2002, Rye et al. 2003, Armsworthy et al. 2005). Due to environmental concerns in the Arctic environment, discharges will be further reduced, e.g. by the discharge policy in the Lofoten-Barents Sea area (Anon 2003b), where produced water will be re-injected except during a 5 % ‘off-normal’ operation time (Anon 2003b). 2.8 Air emmissions Emissions to the air occur during all phases of petroleum development, including seismic survey and exploration drilling, although the major releases occur during development and production. Emissions to air are mainly combustion gases from the energy producing machinery (for drilling, production, pumping, transport, etc.). For example, the drilling of a well may produce 5 million m 3 exhaust per day (LGL 2005). But also flaring of gas and trans-shipment of produced oil contribute to emissions. The emissions consist mainly of greenhouse gasses (CO2, CH4), NOx, VOC and SO2. The production activities produce large amounts of CO2 in particular, and, for example, the emission of CO2 from a large Norwegian field (Statfjord) was more than 1.5 million tonnes in 1999 (STF 2000), and the drilling of the three exploration wells in 2010 in the Disko West area resulted in the emission of 105,000 tonnes of CO2. Another very active greenhouse gas is methane (CH4), which is released in small amounts together with other VOCs from produced oil during transshipment.
2.9 Other activities Ship transport of produced oil will be an integrated part of the production phase. The APA (2003) assessment presents a scenario where ships containing 1 million bbl will depart, within a 5-day cycle, from a highly productive field off Disko Island. Something similar could be expected for the eastern Davis Strait. Decommissioning is initiated when production wells are terminated, and will generate large amounts of waste material, which have to be disposed or regenerated. 2.10 Accidents There are serious, acute and long-term environmental concerns in relation to accidents and off-normal operations. As expressed by the recent Oil and Gas Assessment by AMAP (Skjoldal et al. 2007), the largest issue of environmental concern for the marine Arctic environment is a large oil spill, which particularly in ice-covered waters represents a threat to animal populations and even to species. 51
Page 1 and 2: THE DAVIS STRAIT A preliminary stra
Page 3 and 4: AU THE DAVIS STRAIT A preliminary s
Page 5 and 6: Contents Preface 5 Summary and conc
Page 7 and 8: Preface The Bureau of Minerals and
Page 9 and 10: anks are normally ice free or have
Page 11 and 12: ed in large numbers in the assessme
Page 13 and 14: cetaceans (whales and harbour porpo
Page 15 and 16: placement and transport corridors.
Page 17 and 18: shrimp and Greenland halibut, for i
Page 19 and 20: Mitigation The risk of accidents an
Page 21 and 22: Miljøet Det pelagiske miljø De fy
Page 23 and 24: Fangst og udnyttelse Menneskelig ud
Page 25 and 26: Indenfor fiskeriet, er risikoen for
Page 27 and 28: Kumulative effekter Der vil være e
Page 29 and 30: dybde, kan muligvis ændre på konk
Page 31 and 32: ingsæl, spættet sæl, finhval, pu
Page 33 and 34: tassannga misilittagarineqalersut s
Page 35 and 36: Timmisat imarmiut amerlasoorsuit, q
Page 37 and 38: lu klimami pissutsinut atuutunut tu
Page 39 and 40: toqunartoqarneri arrortikkuminarner
Page 41 and 42: toqusarnermik taarserneqarluni, uum
Page 43 and 44: minguttitamiit ajoquserneqarsinnaan
Page 45 and 46: Kalaallit Nunaanni immikkut ulorian
Page 47 and 48: Figure 1.1.1. The assessment area,
Page 49 and 50: VEC = Valued Ecosystem Components V
Page 51: tings/well and in total 6,000 tons
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3.2.1. Major sea surface cur
Page 57 and 58: 3.2.3 The coasts The coastal zone b
Page 59 and 60: Jan Feb May Apr May Jul Aug Sep Oct
Page 61 and 62: Figure 3.3.3. Average sea ice exten
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3.3.4. Major iceberg sources
Page 65 and 66: 4 Biological environment 4.1 Primar
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.1.1. Monthly progressions
Page 69 and 70: Figure 4.2.1. Calanus spp. biomass
Page 71 and 72: 69 Fish larvae are important compon
Page 73 and 74: Figure 4.2.4. Red dots indicate san
Page 75 and 76: focus should improve our understand
Page 77 and 78: The coastal zone of the assessment
Page 79 and 80: 183 macroalgal species (excl. the b
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.3.1. Distribution of macroa
Page 83 and 84: Chaetomorpha capillaris Chaetomorph
Page 85 and 86: egistered in the area. A similar pa
Page 87 and 88: The sea ice algal production in the
Page 89 and 90: 1990) and then north (mid-2000s) in
Page 91 and 92: September when they have reached a
Page 93 and 94: Salmon, Salmo salar Biology and dis
Page 95 and 96: tween 1 and 2.4 billion individuals
Page 97 and 98: It should be noted that the breedin
Page 99 and 100: 66°N 64°N 62°N 60°W 60°W Arcti
Page 101 and 102: Knowledge on habitat use of the win
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Great shearwater, Puffinus gravis T
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Common eider, Somateria mollissima
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Figures 4.7.7. At-sea distribution
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Figure 4.7.9. Distribution and inte
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Figure 4.7.11. At-sea distribution
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The Iceland gull has a favourable c
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Figure 4.7.12. Distribution and int
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Murres spend very long time on the
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The puffins are migratory, but thei
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Figure 4.7.16. Density of whitetail
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sonal communication 1984) varied wi
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Numbers: The status of the walrus s
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tively impacted by disturbance from
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surround the eyes and line the oral
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Sensitivity: Non-whelping hooded se
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winter in reoccurring leads and pol
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Critical and important habitats: Th
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Figure 4.8.6. The main frequency ra
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tude breeding grounds and high lati
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Figure 4.8.7. Migration routes for
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long-finned squid (Loligo pealei) (
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Until recently the abundance of har
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Figure 4.8.9. Main summer and winte
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4.9.1 Pelagic hotspots The shelf ba
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5 Natural resource use 5.1 Commerci
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66°N 64°N 62°N 60°W Snow crab c
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Figure 5.1.4. Distribution and size
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Salmon, Salmo salar The fishery for
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Figure 5.2.2. Annual number of king
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2003/04-2007/08 the catch averaged
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66°N 64°N 62°N 66°N 64°N 62°N
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Figure 5.2.6. The West Greenland ca
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Figure 5.3.1. The number of cruise
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6.2 National nature protection legi
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formation see the IBA website (http
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glaucous gulls, great black-backed
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7.2 Conclusions on contaminant leve
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structures containing up to 10 ring
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The current warming trends are ofte
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species interactions. In the review
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8.5 Marine mammals and seabirds The
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9 Impact assessment David Boertmann
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10 Impacts of the potential routine
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Impact of seismic noise on zoo- and
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type or timing of vocalisations. In
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detailed studies on the effect of s
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Table 10.1.1. Overview of potential
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een eliminated on the grounds of en
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10.3 Development and production act
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hydrocarbon activities in Greenland
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parts of the shelf. Activities in t
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Seabird hunting is widespread and i
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There is a risk of reduced availabi
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General knowledge on the potential
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week period after the Exxon Valdez
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In general, species with distinct s
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A study of the density and distribu
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majority of the biomass. From a bio
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waters longer. The coastal fishery
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Seal pups are very sensitive to dir
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indicates that similar long-term im
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other parameters. It should be note
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Autumn (September-November) During
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to oil spills and produced water. I
Page 231 and 232:
12.2.1 Ecotoxicological Monitoring
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Andersen JB, Böcher J, Guttmann B,
Page 235 and 236:
Anon (2011b). Selvstyrets bekendtg
Page 237 and 238:
Blackwell SB, Lawson JW, Williams M
Page 239 and 240:
Born EW (2003). Reproduction in mal
Page 241 and 242:
Buch E, Nielsen MH, Pedersen SA (20
Page 243 and 244:
Clark RC, Finley JS (1977). Effects
Page 245 and 246:
Dietz R, Heide-Jørgensen MP (1995)
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Falk K, Møller S (1997). Breeding
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Gjertz I, Kovacs KM, Lydersen C, Wi
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Hansen JLS, Hjorth M, Rasmussen MB,
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Heide-Jørgensen MP, Laidre KL (201
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Horsted SA (2000). A review of the
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Jonas RF (1974). Prospect for the e
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Ketten DR, Lien J, Todd S (1993). B
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Lick R, Piatkowski U (1998). Stomac
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Melle W, Serigstad B, Ellertsen B (
Page 265 and 266:
Mosbech A, Danø R, Merkel FR, Sonn
Page 267 and 268:
Nielsen OK, Lyck E, Mikkelsen MH, H
Page 269 and 270:
Parry GD, Gason A (2006). The effec
Page 271 and 272:
Popper AN, Fewtrell J, Smith ME, Mc
Page 273 and 274:
Rivkin RB, Tian R, Anderson MR, Pay
Page 275 and 276:
Schaaning MT, Trannum HC, Øxnevad
Page 277 and 278:
Simpson AC, Howell BR, Warren PJ (1
Page 279 and 280:
Taylor MK, Akeeagok S, Andriashek D
Page 281 and 282:
Wegeberg S, Bangsholt J, Dolmer P,
Page 283 and 284:
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The Davis Strait - DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi

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