The Davis Strait - DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi

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94 4.7.1 Breeding seabirds Most of the breeding seabirds are colonial breeders and many breeding colonies are found dispersed along the coast of the assessment area (Fig. 4.7.1 and 4.7.2). Colonies vary in size (from a few pairs to more than 20,000 individuals) and in species composition, from holding only a single species up to ten different species. The seabirds usually forage relatively close to the breeding sites, however, two species may potentially undertake much longer foraging trips, although not studied within the assessment area. In Qaanaaq, thick-billed murres have been recorded to fly more than 100 km to find food (Falk et al. 2000) and the northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) is known to undertake exceptional long foraging trips lasting several days (e.g., Falk & Møller 1997). A total of 20 species of seabirds are known to breed regularly along the coasts of the assessment area. Of these most are more or less colonial, breeding on steep sea-facing cliffs or on low islets (Boertmann et al. 1996). The only seabird not breeding in distinct colonies is the Arctic skua (Tab. 4.7.1). In addition, a number of species breed at freshwater habitats or on sheltered coasts. Table 4.7.1. Overview of birds associated with the marine environment of the assessment area. b = breeding, s = summering, w = wintering, m = migrant visitor, c = coastal, o = offshore. “Importance of study area to population” indicates the significance of the assessment area in a national and international context as defined by Anker-Nilssen (1987). Species Occurrence Distribution Red-list status in Importance of Greenland study area to popu- (Boertmann 2007) lation Great northern diver m/s spring, summer, autumn c near threatened (NT) medium Red-throated diver b/m/s spring, summer autumn c least concern (LC) medium Fulmar b/s/w year-round c & o least concern (LC) low Great shearwater s July-October o least concern (LC) low Great cormorant s/w year-round c least concern (LC) high Mallard b/w winter c least concern (LC) high Common eider b/s/m/w year-round c vulnerable (VU) high King eider w Oct.-May c least concern (LC) medium Long-tailed duck b/m/w year-round c least concern (LC) medium Red-breasted merganser b/m/w year-round c least concern (LC) high Harlequin duck m/w year-round c (rocky shores) near threatened (NT) high Arctic skua b summer c least concern (LC) low Black-legged kittiwake b/s/w year-round c & o vulnerable (VU) high Herring gull b summer c not evaluated (NA) low Glaucous gull b/s/w year-round c & o least concern (LC) medium Iceland gull b/s/w year-round c & o least concern (LC) high Great black-backed gull b/s/w year-round c & o least concern (LC) medium Lesser black-backed gull b April-Sept. c not evaluated (NA) medium Arctic tern b May-September c near threatened (NT) low Thick-billed murre b/w year-round c & o vulnerable (VU) high Common murre b/w year-round c & o endangered (EN) high Razorbill b/w year-round c & o least concern (LC) high Atlantic puffin b/w year-round c & o near threatened (NT) high Black guillemot b/w summer c least concern (LC) high winter c & o Little auk w September-May o least concern (LC) low White-tailed eagle b/w year-round c vulnerable (VU) high
It should be noted that the breeding colonies shown in Figures 4.7.1 and 4.7.2 represent only a minimum of the true number of colonies present. For some species the number of small colonies could easily be twice as many. Especially the extensive archipelago between 63˚ and 66˚ N holds a huge potential for seabird colonies and this area has not been thoroughly surveyed. Furthermore, some colony information may be outdated. Extensive survey activity is currently conduced in the archipelago north and south of Nuuk (GINR, L. M. Rasmussen, unpubl.). 4.7.2 Summering seabirds The shelf waters of the assessment area are also utilised by non-breeding seabirds. Numerous individuals from breeding populations all over the North Atlantic – mainly black-legged kittiwakes and northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) – move into the Greenland waters in summer. Also included here are great shearwaters (Puffinus gravis) breeding in the southern hemisphere. In coastal areas other non-breeding seabirds utilise the region in summer – ducks arriving from breeding sites in Canada and inland Greenland to assemble and moult along the outer coast and in some fjords. Harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) are found at remote rocky islands, while long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis) and red-breasted mergansers (Mergus serrator) moult in shallow fjords and bays (Boertmann & Mosbech 2001, 2002). 4.7.3 Inland birds Inland birds, breeding in freshwater habitats also utilise the marine waters, mainly in winter and during migration. These comprise mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), long-tailed ducks, red-breasted mergansers, harlequin ducks, red-throated divers (Gavia stellata) and great northern divers (Gavia immer) (Tab. 4.7.1). As mentioned above some of the ducks may also breed at sheltered coasts, while divers often find their food in the marine environment, performing regular flights between inland breeding sites and the coast. The white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is also relevant to this assessment as it too is associated with the marine environment. 4.7.4 Wintering seabirds As mentioned above, the waters of the assessment area constitute very important winter quarters for seabirds. This is due to the fact that sea ice usually does not occur in winter – the region is often referred to as the ‘Open Water Area’ because the harbours are navigable throughout the year. Seabirds from Russia, Iceland, Svalbard and Canada assemble here October-May (Boertmann et al. 2004, Boertmann et al. 2006) and it is estimated that more than 3.5 million birds winter along the coasts of the Open Water Area. To this figure an unknown, but probably very large number (several million) of little auks (Alle alle) should be added (Boertmann et al. 2004). The seabird wintering sites in the assessment area are therefore of high international importance. The most numerous species in winter are common eider, king eider (Somateria spectabilis), thick-billed murre and the large gull species. The distribution of the wintering seabirds was surveyed in the coastal area of West Greenland in 1999 (Merkel et al. 2002, Boertmann et al. 2004). 95
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THE DAVIS STRAIT A preliminary stra
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AU THE DAVIS STRAIT A preliminary s
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Contents Preface 5 Summary and conc
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Preface The Bureau of Minerals and
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anks are normally ice free or have
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ed in large numbers in the assessme
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cetaceans (whales and harbour porpo
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placement and transport corridors.
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shrimp and Greenland halibut, for i
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Mitigation The risk of accidents an
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Miljøet Det pelagiske miljø De fy
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Fangst og udnyttelse Menneskelig ud
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Indenfor fiskeriet, er risikoen for
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Kumulative effekter Der vil være e
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dybde, kan muligvis ændre på konk
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ingsæl, spættet sæl, finhval, pu
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tassannga misilittagarineqalersut s
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Timmisat imarmiut amerlasoorsuit, q
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lu klimami pissutsinut atuutunut tu
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toqunartoqarneri arrortikkuminarner
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toqusarnermik taarserneqarluni, uum
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minguttitamiit ajoquserneqarsinnaan
Page 45 and 46: Kalaallit Nunaanni immikkut ulorian
Page 47 and 48: Figure 1.1.1. The assessment area,
Page 49 and 50: VEC = Valued Ecosystem Components V
Page 51 and 52: tings/well and in total 6,000 tons
Page 53 and 54: 2.9 Other activities Ship transport
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3.2.1. Major sea surface cur
Page 57 and 58: 3.2.3 The coasts The coastal zone b
Page 59 and 60: Jan Feb May Apr May Jul Aug Sep Oct
Page 61 and 62: Figure 3.3.3. Average sea ice exten
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3.3.4. Major iceberg sources
Page 65 and 66: 4 Biological environment 4.1 Primar
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.1.1. Monthly progressions
Page 69 and 70: Figure 4.2.1. Calanus spp. biomass
Page 71 and 72: 69 Fish larvae are important compon
Page 73 and 74: Figure 4.2.4. Red dots indicate san
Page 75 and 76: focus should improve our understand
Page 77 and 78: The coastal zone of the assessment
Page 79 and 80: 183 macroalgal species (excl. the b
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.3.1. Distribution of macroa
Page 83 and 84: Chaetomorpha capillaris Chaetomorph
Page 85 and 86: egistered in the area. A similar pa
Page 87 and 88: The sea ice algal production in the
Page 89 and 90: 1990) and then north (mid-2000s) in
Page 91 and 92: September when they have reached a
Page 93 and 94: Salmon, Salmo salar Biology and dis
Page 95: tween 1 and 2.4 billion individuals
Page 99 and 100: 66°N 64°N 62°N 60°W 60°W Arcti
Page 101 and 102: Knowledge on habitat use of the win
Page 103 and 104: Great shearwater, Puffinus gravis T
Page 105 and 106: Common eider, Somateria mollissima
Page 107 and 108: Figures 4.7.7. At-sea distribution
Page 109 and 110: Figure 4.7.9. Distribution and inte
Page 111 and 112: Figure 4.7.11. At-sea distribution
Page 113 and 114: The Iceland gull has a favourable c
Page 115 and 116: Figure 4.7.12. Distribution and int
Page 117 and 118: Murres spend very long time on the
Page 119 and 120: The puffins are migratory, but thei
Page 121 and 122: Figure 4.7.16. Density of whitetail
Page 123 and 124: sonal communication 1984) varied wi
Page 125 and 126: Numbers: The status of the walrus s
Page 127 and 128: tively impacted by disturbance from
Page 129 and 130: surround the eyes and line the oral
Page 131 and 132: Sensitivity: Non-whelping hooded se
Page 133 and 134: winter in reoccurring leads and pol
Page 135 and 136: Critical and important habitats: Th
Page 137 and 138: Figure 4.8.6. The main frequency ra
Page 139 and 140: tude breeding grounds and high lati
Page 141 and 142: Figure 4.8.7. Migration routes for
Page 143 and 144: long-finned squid (Loligo pealei) (
Page 145 and 146: Until recently the abundance of har
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Figure 4.8.9. Main summer and winte
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4.9.1 Pelagic hotspots The shelf ba
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5 Natural resource use 5.1 Commerci
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66°N 64°N 62°N 60°W Snow crab c
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Figure 5.1.4. Distribution and size
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Salmon, Salmo salar The fishery for
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Figure 5.2.2. Annual number of king
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2003/04-2007/08 the catch averaged
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66°N 64°N 62°N 66°N 64°N 62°N
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Figure 5.2.6. The West Greenland ca
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Figure 5.3.1. The number of cruise
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6.2 National nature protection legi
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formation see the IBA website (http
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glaucous gulls, great black-backed
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7.2 Conclusions on contaminant leve
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structures containing up to 10 ring
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The current warming trends are ofte
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species interactions. In the review
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8.5 Marine mammals and seabirds The
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9 Impact assessment David Boertmann
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10 Impacts of the potential routine
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Impact of seismic noise on zoo- and
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type or timing of vocalisations. In
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detailed studies on the effect of s
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Table 10.1.1. Overview of potential
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een eliminated on the grounds of en
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10.3 Development and production act
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hydrocarbon activities in Greenland
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parts of the shelf. Activities in t
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Seabird hunting is widespread and i
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There is a risk of reduced availabi
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General knowledge on the potential
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week period after the Exxon Valdez
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In general, species with distinct s
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A study of the density and distribu
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majority of the biomass. From a bio
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waters longer. The coastal fishery
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Seal pups are very sensitive to dir
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indicates that similar long-term im
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other parameters. It should be note
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Autumn (September-November) During
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to oil spills and produced water. I
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12.2.1 Ecotoxicological Monitoring
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Andersen JB, Böcher J, Guttmann B,
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Anon (2011b). Selvstyrets bekendtg
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Blackwell SB, Lawson JW, Williams M
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Born EW (2003). Reproduction in mal
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Buch E, Nielsen MH, Pedersen SA (20
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Clark RC, Finley JS (1977). Effects
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Dietz R, Heide-Jørgensen MP (1995)
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Falk K, Møller S (1997). Breeding
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Gjertz I, Kovacs KM, Lydersen C, Wi
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Hansen JLS, Hjorth M, Rasmussen MB,
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Heide-Jørgensen MP, Laidre KL (201
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Horsted SA (2000). A review of the
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Jonas RF (1974). Prospect for the e
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Ketten DR, Lien J, Todd S (1993). B
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Lick R, Piatkowski U (1998). Stomac
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Melle W, Serigstad B, Ellertsen B (
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Mosbech A, Danø R, Merkel FR, Sonn
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Nielsen OK, Lyck E, Mikkelsen MH, H
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Parry GD, Gason A (2006). The effec
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Popper AN, Fewtrell J, Smith ME, Mc
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Rivkin RB, Tian R, Anderson MR, Pay
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Schaaning MT, Trannum HC, Øxnevad
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Simpson AC, Howell BR, Warren PJ (1
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Taylor MK, Akeeagok S, Andriashek D
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Wegeberg S, Bangsholt J, Dolmer P,
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The Davis Strait - DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi

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