View/Open - University of Zululand Institutional Repository

More documents

Recommendations

Info

cleansers. They are used in Ayurvedic medicine as a treatment for eczema, psoriasis and for removing freckles. Saponins are believed to be useful in the human diet for controlling cholesterol. Digitalis-type saponins strengthen the heart muscle causing the heart to pump more efficiently. They also inhibit cancer tumor growth in animals, particularly, lung and blood cancers, without killing normal cells. Saponins are the plant immune system acting as an antibiotic to protect the plant against microbes and fungus (Chatterrjee & Chakravorty, 1993). 5.2.4 Anthraquinones An anthraquinone is an aromatic organic compound. It is a derivative of anthracene. It has the appearance of a yellow or light-gray to gray-green, solid, crystalline powder. It is semi-soluble in water but dissolves in alcohol, nitrobenzene and aniline. It is chemically fairly stable under normal conditions. Anthraquinones naturally occur in some plants, fungi, lichen and insects, wherein they serve as a basic skeleton for their pigments. Anthraquinones are used in the production of dyes. They are also used as a laxative (Chatterrjee & Chakravorty, 1993) 5.2.5 Cardiac glycosides Cardiac glycosides are drugs used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia. These glycosides are found as secondary metabolites in several plants and in some animals. Some of these compounds are used as arrowhead poisons in hunting (Filippos et al., 2007). 5.3 RESULTS The results for the phytochemical screening of plants used in this study are summarized in Table 5.1. This table also indicates the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides or tannins in some species as described previously in other studies. Most of the plants surveyed produce different secondary metabolites, which were evidenced by the differences in their phytochemical results (Table 5.1). 87
Table 5.1 Phytochemical screening results. Results from the literature are indicated in blue. Plant species Alkaloids Flavonoids Saponins Anthra- Acanthospermum australe + Acorus calamus + Albizia adianthifolia Baccharoides adoensis Clerodendium hirsutum Combretum erythrophyllum Faurea saligna - Gerbera ambigua - Gunnera perpensa Hypericum aethiopicum + (Oluwole et al., 2007) + (Gilani et al., 2006) + + (Burkill, 1985) + - (Oluwole et al., 2007) - NPR - NPR + (Martini et al., 2004) NPR + + (McGaw et al., 2008) - NPR - + (Oluwole et al., 2007) + + (Gilani et al., 2006) - NPR + - (Oluwole et al., 2007) + NPR - + (Martini et al., 2004) - NPR - NPR - NPR - NPR - + (Oluwole et al., 2007) - + (Gilani et al., 2006) - + (Burkill, 1985) - + (Oluwole et al., 2007) - NPR - NPR - NPR - NPR - NPR - NPR 88 quinones - NPR - NPR - NPR - - (Oluwole et al.,2007) - NPR + NPR - NPR - NPR - NPR - NPR Cardiac glycosides - + (Oluwole et al., 2007) - NPR - + (Burkill, 1985) - + (Oluwole et al., 2007) - NPR + NPR - NPR - NPR + NPR - NPR Tanins - + (Oluwole et al., 2007) - + (Gilani et al., 2006) - + (Burkill, 1985) - + (Oluwole et al., 2007) + NPR + NPR + NPR + NPR + NPR + NPR
Page 1 and 2:
Antimicrobial activity testing of t
Page 3 and 4:
3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Plants used
Page 5 and 6:
Appendix I: Research questionnaire
Page 7 and 8:
2.5 Sensitivity table of MDR Gram p
Page 9 and 10:
2n diploid Abbreviations ATCC Ameri
Page 11 and 12:
Dedication My sincere thanks and gr
Page 14 and 15:
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Plants have
Page 16 and 17:
legislation in South Africa, which
Page 18 and 19:
1.1 OBJECTIVES The objectives of th
Page 20 and 21:
Table 2.1 Plants that were collecte
Page 22 and 23:
Scientific names Zulu names Parts u
Page 24 and 25:
Surname Gender Place Age-range M. D
Page 26 and 27:
Antibiotics Escherichia coli U16403
Page 28 and 29:
Dragendorff’s reagent Ethanol (Fe
Page 30 and 31:
The plates were observed for the pr
Page 32 and 33:
2.6.4 Anthraquinones Dried plant ma
Page 34 and 35:
3.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 ETHNOBOT
Page 36 and 37:
3.2.1 Scientific name : Acanthosper
Page 38 and 39:
Medicinal uses The Acorus calamus i
Page 40 and 41:
Figure 3.5 The fruits of Albizia ad
Page 42 and 43:
Botanical description Baccharoides
Page 44 and 45:
Data from ethnobotanical survey The
Page 46 and 47:
3.2.7 Scientific name : Hypoxis hem
Page 48 and 49:
3.2.8 Scientific name : Faurea sali
Page 50 and 51: emerge from the crown and bear a si
Page 52 and 53: Conservation status The species is
Page 54 and 55: 3.2.12 Scientific name : Lippia jav
Page 56 and 57: 3.2.13 Scientific name : Pentanisia
Page 58 and 59: Botanical description The marula is
Page 60 and 61: The lobed discolorous leaves, the m
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3.21 The leaves of Trichilia
Page 64 and 65: 3.2.17 Scientific name : Warburgia
Page 66 and 67: 3.2.18 Scientific name : Ziziphus m
Page 68 and 69: According to the interviews that we
Page 70 and 71: CHAPTER 4 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 4.
Page 72 and 73: factor in selecting resistant micro
Page 74 and 75: present in a cow’s udder or equip
Page 76 and 77: haemolysins, leukocidin, and perhap
Page 78 and 79: 4.4.2 Disc diffusion results The di
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15 Comparison of results ob
Page 82 and 83: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA Dis
Page 86 and 87: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA4790
Page 90 and 91: PLANT NAMES Agar well result ECU164
Page 92 and 93: The use of American Type Culture Co
Page 94 and 95: mentioned strain which were Acantho
Page 96 and 97: In this study it was found that Aco
Page 98 and 99: 5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 PHYTOCHE
Page 102 and 103: Plant species Alkaloids Flavonoids
Page 104 and 105: Trichilia dregeana in this study wh
Page 106 and 107: Rf =Distance moved by the compound/
Page 108 and 109: Figure 6.5 The TLC plate (left) and
Page 110 and 111: 6.3 DISCUSSION The bio-autoautograp
Page 112 and 113: the results obtained from the agar
Page 114 and 115: e at least effective as forest guar
Page 116 and 117: Brain, K.R., Turner T.D., 1975. The
Page 118 and 119: Howard, P.L., 2003. Women and Plant
Page 120 and 121: McGaw, L.J., Jager, A.K., van Stade
Page 122 and 123: Portillo, A., Vila, R., Freixa, B.,
Page 124 and 125: Van Vuuren, S., 2007. The antimicro
Page 126 and 127: APPENDIX I: Research Questionnaire
Page 128 and 129: ___________________________________
Page 130 and 131: APPENDIX II: Antimicrobial activity
Page 132 and 133: a + 2 Average Calculation of result
Page 134 and 135: Sensitivity of different bacteria a
Page 142 and 143: Table 4.7 Results of sensitivity of
Page 150 and 151:
MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Table 4.12 Minimum inhibitory conce
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158:
show all

View/Open - University of Zululand Institutional Repository

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?