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4.3.3 Klebsiella pneumonia 61 4.3.4 Staphylococcus aureus 62 4.4 Agar well and disk diffusion 64 4.4.1 Agar well diffusion results 64 4.4.2 Disk diffusion results 65 4.4.3 Discussion 65 4.5 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration 79 4.5.1 MIC results 79 4.5.2 Discussion 79 Chapter 5: Phytochemical screening 85 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Secondary metabolites 86 5.2.1 Alkaloids 86 5.2.2 Flavonoids 86 5.2.3 Saponins 86 5.2.4 Anthraquinones 87 5.2.5 Cardiac glycosides 87 5.3 Results 87 5.4 Discussion 89 Chapter 6: Bio-autographic assay 92 6.1 Introduction 92 6.2 Results 92 6.3 Discussion 97 Chapter 7: Summary and Conclusion 98 7.1 Summary 98 7.2 Conclusion 99 References 102
Appendix I: Research questionnaire 113 Appendix II: Results for antibacterial assays 117 List of Figures 3.1 Acanthospermum australe in it flowering stage. 23 3. 2 A flowering Acorus calamus. 24 3.3 An adult Albizia adianthifolia tree. 25 3.4 Rectangular leaflets with midribs diagonally across them of Albizia adianthifolia. 26 3.5 The fruits of Albizia adianthifolia. 27 3.6 A flowering Baccharoides adoensis. 28 3.7 The stem of Clerodendrum hirsutum from muthi market (Empangeni) . 30 3.8 Combretum erythrophyllum in flower. 31 3.9 Hypoxis hemerocallidea in it flowering stage. 33 3.10 A Cross-section of Hypoxis hemerocallidea’s corm. 33 3.11 The Faurea saligna plant. 35 3.12 Gerbera ambigua in its flowering stage. 36 3.13 Gunnera perpensa plant. 38 3.14 A flowering Hypericum aethiopicum . 39 3.15 The flowering stage of Lippia javanica. 41 3.16 Flowering stages of Pentanisia prunelloides. 43 3.17 Sclerocarya birrea with its fruits and the mature tree. 44 3.18 The leaves and barks of Sclerocarya birrea. 44 3.19 Fruits of Solanum aculeastrum. 46 3.20 The mature tree of Trichilia dregeana and its bark. 48 3.21 Leaves of Trichilia dregeana. 49
Page 1 and 2: Antimicrobial activity testing of t
Page 3: 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Plants used
Page 7 and 8: 2.5 Sensitivity table of MDR Gram p
Page 9 and 10: 2n diploid Abbreviations ATCC Ameri
Page 11 and 12: Dedication My sincere thanks and gr
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Plants have
Page 16 and 17: legislation in South Africa, which
Page 18 and 19: 1.1 OBJECTIVES The objectives of th
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.1 Plants that were collecte
Page 22 and 23: Scientific names Zulu names Parts u
Page 24 and 25: Surname Gender Place Age-range M. D
Page 26 and 27: Antibiotics Escherichia coli U16403
Page 28 and 29: Dragendorff’s reagent Ethanol (Fe
Page 30 and 31: The plates were observed for the pr
Page 32 and 33: 2.6.4 Anthraquinones Dried plant ma
Page 34 and 35: 3.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 ETHNOBOT
Page 36 and 37: 3.2.1 Scientific name : Acanthosper
Page 38 and 39: Medicinal uses The Acorus calamus i
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3.5 The fruits of Albizia ad
Page 42 and 43: Botanical description Baccharoides
Page 44 and 45: Data from ethnobotanical survey The
Page 46 and 47: 3.2.7 Scientific name : Hypoxis hem
Page 48 and 49: 3.2.8 Scientific name : Faurea sali
Page 50 and 51: emerge from the crown and bear a si
Page 52 and 53: Conservation status The species is
Page 54 and 55:
3.2.12 Scientific name : Lippia jav
Page 56 and 57:
3.2.13 Scientific name : Pentanisia
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Botanical description The marula is
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The lobed discolorous leaves, the m
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Figure 3.21 The leaves of Trichilia
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3.2.17 Scientific name : Warburgia
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3.2.18 Scientific name : Ziziphus m
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According to the interviews that we
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CHAPTER 4 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 4.
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factor in selecting resistant micro
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present in a cow’s udder or equip
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haemolysins, leukocidin, and perhap
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4.4.2 Disc diffusion results The di
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Table 4.15 Comparison of results ob
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PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA Dis
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PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA4790
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PLANT NAMES Agar well result ECU164
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The use of American Type Culture Co
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mentioned strain which were Acantho
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In this study it was found that Aco
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5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 PHYTOCHE
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cleansers. They are used in Ayurved
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Plant species Alkaloids Flavonoids
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Trichilia dregeana in this study wh
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Rf =Distance moved by the compound/
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Figure 6.5 The TLC plate (left) and
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6.3 DISCUSSION The bio-autoautograp
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the results obtained from the agar
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e at least effective as forest guar
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Brain, K.R., Turner T.D., 1975. The
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Howard, P.L., 2003. Women and Plant
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McGaw, L.J., Jager, A.K., van Stade
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Portillo, A., Vila, R., Freixa, B.,
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Van Vuuren, S., 2007. The antimicro
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APPENDIX I: Research Questionnaire
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___________________________________
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APPENDIX II: Antimicrobial activity
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a + 2 Average Calculation of result
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Sensitivity of different bacteria a
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Table 4.7 Results of sensitivity of
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MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
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Table 4.12 Minimum inhibitory conce
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