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the results obtained from the agar well diffusion, the disc diffusion and the MIC revealed the following seven plants, which were the most effective against the micro- organisms tested: Hypericum aethiopicum, Gunnera perpensa, Warbugia salutaris, Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Lippia javanica, Pentanisia prunelloides and Trichilia dregeana. Preliminary TLC and the biographic assay tests were carried out on above mentioned plants to find out how many compounds were responsible for the inhibition of the bacteria tested. The results showed that the antibacterial assay can be attributed to the compounds observed at the various Rf values on the TLC separation. Also sometimes the activity of compounds is not easily observed in this assay, if the compound does not diffuse through the agar, then the activity could be masked (= false-negative). 7.2 CONCLUSION Sustainable management of traditional medicinal plant resources is very important, not only because of their value as a potential source of new drugs but also due to community reliance on traditional medicinal plants for health. Certain vegetation types that are sources of supply of traditional medicines have drastically declined due to forest clearance for agriculture, afforestation of montane grasslands, uncontrolled burning and livestock grazing. Exclusion from core conservation areas adversely affects the traditional healers who previously gathered the medicinal plants from these sites. The supply of herbal medicines to traditional healers is affected by competing resource uses such as for building materials and fuels, timber logging, commercial harvesting for exports, and the extraction of pharmaceuticals. This creates a growing demand for fewer resources, in some cases resulting in the local disappearance of favoured and effective sources of traditional medicine and reduced species diversity. The most vulnerable species are popular, slow-growing or slow to reproduce; or species with a specific habitat requirement and a limited distribution. Although in theory, the sustainable use of bark, roots or whole plants used as herbal medicines is possible, the high levels of money and manpower required for the intensive management of slow-growing species in multiple-species systems are unlikely to be found. The cultivation of alternative sources of supply of popular, high- 99
conservation, priority species outside of core conservation areas is therefore essential. However cultivation of such species is not a simple solution and at present is unlikely to be profitable due to slow growth rates for most tree species and the low prices paid for traditional medicines. Commercial gatherers of medicinal plant material for trade are poor women whose aim is not resource management but earning money. Cultivation as an alternative to the over-exploitation of scarce traditional medicinal plants was suggested over 65 years ago in South Africa for scarce and effective species such as Warbugia salutaris. Until 1991, no large scale cultivation had taken place. There are two main reasons for this are: (1) A lack of institutional support for the production and dissemination of key species for cultivation. (2) The low prices paid for traditional medicinal plants by herbal medicine traders and urban herbalist. If cultivation is to be successful as an alternative source of supply to improve the self-sufficiency of traditional healers and to take harvesting pressure off wild stocks, then plants have to be produced cheaply and in large quantities. Any cultivation for urban demand will be competing with material harvested from the wild that is supplied into the market by commercial gatherers who have no input costs for cultivation. Prices will therefore increase with scarcity due to transport costs, search time and long-distance trade. The prices paid to gatherers are very low, taking no account of annual sustainable off-take. In many cases, medicinal plants are also an open-access, rather than a limited-access or private resource. To make a living, commercial medicinal plant gatherers, therefore, mine rather than manage these resources. Traditional healers are very aware of the conservation status of local traditional plant resources and can be influential in changing local opinion so as to limit over- exploitation. It is recommended that support be given to the formation of rural traditional healers associations and to the self-sufficiency of traditional healers. This might be through local health services, with the support of the World Health Organization Traditional Medicine programme. Information should be disseminated to rural communities on appropriate cultivation methods. Very little goes unnoticed in communally owned areas, so if problems arise regarding the depletion of valued local resources, traditional healers’ associations or community leaders are likely to 100
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Antimicrobial activity testing of t
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3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Plants used
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Appendix I: Research questionnaire
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2.5 Sensitivity table of MDR Gram p
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2n diploid Abbreviations ATCC Ameri
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Dedication My sincere thanks and gr
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Plants have
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legislation in South Africa, which
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1.1 OBJECTIVES The objectives of th
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Table 2.1 Plants that were collecte
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Scientific names Zulu names Parts u
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Surname Gender Place Age-range M. D
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Antibiotics Escherichia coli U16403
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Dragendorff’s reagent Ethanol (Fe
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The plates were observed for the pr
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2.6.4 Anthraquinones Dried plant ma
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3.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 ETHNOBOT
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3.2.1 Scientific name : Acanthosper
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Medicinal uses The Acorus calamus i
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Figure 3.5 The fruits of Albizia ad
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Botanical description Baccharoides
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Data from ethnobotanical survey The
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3.2.7 Scientific name : Hypoxis hem
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3.2.8 Scientific name : Faurea sali
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emerge from the crown and bear a si
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Conservation status The species is
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3.2.12 Scientific name : Lippia jav
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3.2.13 Scientific name : Pentanisia
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Botanical description The marula is
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The lobed discolorous leaves, the m
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3.21 The leaves of Trichilia
Page 64 and 65: 3.2.17 Scientific name : Warburgia
Page 66 and 67: 3.2.18 Scientific name : Ziziphus m
Page 68 and 69: According to the interviews that we
Page 70 and 71: CHAPTER 4 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 4.
Page 72 and 73: factor in selecting resistant micro
Page 74 and 75: present in a cow’s udder or equip
Page 76 and 77: haemolysins, leukocidin, and perhap
Page 78 and 79: 4.4.2 Disc diffusion results The di
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15 Comparison of results ob
Page 82 and 83: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA Dis
Page 86 and 87: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA4790
Page 90 and 91: PLANT NAMES Agar well result ECU164
Page 92 and 93: The use of American Type Culture Co
Page 94 and 95: mentioned strain which were Acantho
Page 96 and 97: In this study it was found that Aco
Page 98 and 99: 5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 PHYTOCHE
Page 100 and 101: cleansers. They are used in Ayurved
Page 102 and 103: Plant species Alkaloids Flavonoids
Page 104 and 105: Trichilia dregeana in this study wh
Page 106 and 107: Rf =Distance moved by the compound/
Page 108 and 109: Figure 6.5 The TLC plate (left) and
Page 110 and 111: 6.3 DISCUSSION The bio-autoautograp
Page 114 and 115: e at least effective as forest guar
Page 116 and 117: Brain, K.R., Turner T.D., 1975. The
Page 118 and 119: Howard, P.L., 2003. Women and Plant
Page 120 and 121: McGaw, L.J., Jager, A.K., van Stade
Page 122 and 123: Portillo, A., Vila, R., Freixa, B.,
Page 124 and 125: Van Vuuren, S., 2007. The antimicro
Page 126 and 127: APPENDIX I: Research Questionnaire
Page 128 and 129: ___________________________________
Page 130 and 131: APPENDIX II: Antimicrobial activity
Page 132 and 133: a + 2 Average Calculation of result
Page 134 and 135: Sensitivity of different bacteria a
Page 142 and 143: Table 4.7 Results of sensitivity of
Page 150 and 151: MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
Page 154 and 155: Table 4.12 Minimum inhibitory conce
Page 158: MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
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