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Botanical description Baccharoides adoensis is a shrub that grows up to 2.3 m high. It is thinly downy throughout. The leaves are about 120 x 30 mm, roughly hairy, grey, hairy beneath. The margins of the leaves are irregularly toothed, tapering to narrowly wing at the base. The flower heads are purple, mauve, and fading white; while the bracts are broad, loose and about 20 mm (Nergard et al., 2004). Distribution This plant is found in the open grassland of KwaZulu-Natal to Ethopia up to 800 m (Nergard et al., 2004). Conservation status No information on its conservation status was found. Medicinal uses A powder made from the roots of the plant is the first-line treatment for gastro- intestinal ailments, ulcers, gastritis and abdominal pain. The plant was also reported to be used for the treatment of malaria, asthma, headache, men’s sexual deficiency, reflux and nausea in pregnancy, schistosomiasis, dysmenorrhea; and, furthermore, as an antihypertensivum, a wound-healing remedy and an aid to ameliorate digestion (Nergard et al. 2004). Data from ethnobotanical survey The leaves of this plant are mixed with other unknown plant parts, ground and then applied to the wound as much as is needed (Dindi 2007, pers. comm.). Chemical content Baccharoides adoensis contains arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, xylose, mannose, glucose, fucose, glucoronic acid and galacturonic (Nergard et al. 2004). 29
3.2.5. Scientific name : Clerodendrum hirsutum (Hchst.) H. Pearson Zulu name : Umathanjana Common name : Matabele violet Figure 3.7 The stem of Clerodendrum hirsutum from muthi market (empangeni). (N. Mthethwa, 2009) Botanical description This herb grows up to a height of 450 mm and is found in grassland. It has a woody rootstock, and a hairy branched angled stem. Its leaves are opposite each other and have hairy reddish margins, while its flowers are bright purplish blue with two white markings (Pooley, 1998). Distribution It is found in the coastal region in Durban, Pietermaritzburg, Estcourt, and Newcastle (Pooley, 1998). Conservation status No information on its conservation status was found. Medicinal uses The plant is used traditionally to treat intestinal worms and scrofula swellings (Pooley, 1998). 30
Page 1 and 2: Antimicrobial activity testing of t
Page 3 and 4: 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Plants used
Page 5 and 6: Appendix I: Research questionnaire
Page 7 and 8: 2.5 Sensitivity table of MDR Gram p
Page 9 and 10: 2n diploid Abbreviations ATCC Ameri
Page 11 and 12: Dedication My sincere thanks and gr
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Plants have
Page 16 and 17: legislation in South Africa, which
Page 18 and 19: 1.1 OBJECTIVES The objectives of th
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.1 Plants that were collecte
Page 22 and 23: Scientific names Zulu names Parts u
Page 24 and 25: Surname Gender Place Age-range M. D
Page 26 and 27: Antibiotics Escherichia coli U16403
Page 28 and 29: Dragendorff’s reagent Ethanol (Fe
Page 30 and 31: The plates were observed for the pr
Page 32 and 33: 2.6.4 Anthraquinones Dried plant ma
Page 34 and 35: 3.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 ETHNOBOT
Page 36 and 37: 3.2.1 Scientific name : Acanthosper
Page 38 and 39: Medicinal uses The Acorus calamus i
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3.5 The fruits of Albizia ad
Page 44 and 45: Data from ethnobotanical survey The
Page 46 and 47: 3.2.7 Scientific name : Hypoxis hem
Page 48 and 49: 3.2.8 Scientific name : Faurea sali
Page 50 and 51: emerge from the crown and bear a si
Page 52 and 53: Conservation status The species is
Page 54 and 55: 3.2.12 Scientific name : Lippia jav
Page 56 and 57: 3.2.13 Scientific name : Pentanisia
Page 58 and 59: Botanical description The marula is
Page 60 and 61: The lobed discolorous leaves, the m
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3.21 The leaves of Trichilia
Page 64 and 65: 3.2.17 Scientific name : Warburgia
Page 66 and 67: 3.2.18 Scientific name : Ziziphus m
Page 68 and 69: According to the interviews that we
Page 70 and 71: CHAPTER 4 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 4.
Page 72 and 73: factor in selecting resistant micro
Page 74 and 75: present in a cow’s udder or equip
Page 76 and 77: haemolysins, leukocidin, and perhap
Page 78 and 79: 4.4.2 Disc diffusion results The di
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15 Comparison of results ob
Page 82 and 83: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA Dis
Page 86 and 87: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA4790
Page 90 and 91: PLANT NAMES Agar well result ECU164
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The use of American Type Culture Co
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mentioned strain which were Acantho
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In this study it was found that Aco
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5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 PHYTOCHE
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cleansers. They are used in Ayurved
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Plant species Alkaloids Flavonoids
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Trichilia dregeana in this study wh
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Rf =Distance moved by the compound/
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Figure 6.5 The TLC plate (left) and
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6.3 DISCUSSION The bio-autoautograp
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the results obtained from the agar
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e at least effective as forest guar
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Brain, K.R., Turner T.D., 1975. The
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Howard, P.L., 2003. Women and Plant
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McGaw, L.J., Jager, A.K., van Stade
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Portillo, A., Vila, R., Freixa, B.,
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Van Vuuren, S., 2007. The antimicro
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APPENDIX I: Research Questionnaire
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___________________________________
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APPENDIX II: Antimicrobial activity
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a + 2 Average Calculation of result
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Sensitivity of different bacteria a
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Table 4.7 Results of sensitivity of
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MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
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Table 4.12 Minimum inhibitory conce
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