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McGaw, L.J., Jager, A.K., van Staden, J., 2000. Anti bacterial anthelmintic and anti- amoebic activity in South African medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72: 247- 263. McGaw, L.J., Gehring, R., Katsoulis, L., Eloff, J.N., 2005. Is the use of Gunnera perpensa extracts in endometritis related to antimicrobial activity? Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72: 129-134. McGaw, L.J., Lall, N., Meyer, J.J. M., Eloff, J.N., 2008. The potential of South African plants against Mycobacterium infections. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119: 482-500. Mendes, E.J., 1978. Haloragaceae. Flora Zambesiaca 4: 79–81. Mikkelsen, C., 2005. Indigenous peoples, gender and natural resource management. Danish institute for international studies, Denmark. Minenzhe, N.J., Portgieter, N., Van Ree, T., 2004. Composition and antimicrobial activities of volatile components of Lippia javanica. Journal of Phytochemistry 65: 2333-2336. Mojab, F., Kamalinejad, M., Ghaderi, N., Vahidipour, H.M., 2003. Phytochemical screening of some species of Iranian plants. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical 2: 77-82. Mutshiyalo, T., Tshisevhe, J., 2005. Sclerocarya birrea. Pretoria, Botanical garden. Available at: http://www.plantzafrica.com/frames/plantsfram.htm Muwanga, C., 2006. An assessment of Hypoxis hemerocallidea extracts and actives as a natural antibiotic and immune modulation phytotherapies. MBChB Thesis of Magister Scientiae in the South African Herbal Science and Medicinal institute. 107
Nergard, C.S., Diallo, D., Terje, 2004. Isolation, partial characterization and immunomodulating activities of polyssacharides from Vernonia kotschana Sch. Bip ex Walp. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 91: 141-152. Ngwenya, M.A., Koopman, A., Williams, R., 2003. Zulu botanical knowledge: an introduction. National Botanical Institute, Durban. Odebiyi, O.O., Sofowora, E.A., 1978, Phytochemical screening of Nigerian medicinal plants - Part 2. Lloydia 41: 234. Oluwole, O.G., Sukati, N.A., Dlamini, P.S., Sibandze, F.G., 2007. Some Swazi phytomedicines and their constituents. African Journal of Biotechnology 3(6): 267-272. Padmaja, R., Arun, P.C., Prashanth, D., Deepak, M., Amit, A., Anjana, M., 2002. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay of selected Indian medicinal plants. Journal of Phytotherapy 73: 508-510. Palgrave, M., Coates Palgrave, K., 2002. Trees of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. Palmer, E., Pitman, N., 1973. Trees of Southern Africa. Balkema. Cape Town. Phongpaichit, S., Pujenjob, N., Rukanchaisirikul, V., Ongsakul, M., 2005. Antimicrobial activities of the crude methanol extract of Acorus calamus Linn. Songklanakarin. Journal of Science and Technology 27: 517-523. Pooley, E., 1993. The Complete Field Guide to Trees of Natal, Zululand and Transkei. Natal Flora Publication Trust. pp 178-181. Pooley, E. 1998. A Field Guide to Wild Flowers of KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape Region. Natal Flora Publication Trust, Durban. 108
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Antimicrobial activity testing of t
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3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Plants used
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Appendix I: Research questionnaire
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2.5 Sensitivity table of MDR Gram p
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2n diploid Abbreviations ATCC Ameri
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Dedication My sincere thanks and gr
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Plants have
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legislation in South Africa, which
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1.1 OBJECTIVES The objectives of th
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Table 2.1 Plants that were collecte
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Scientific names Zulu names Parts u
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Surname Gender Place Age-range M. D
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Antibiotics Escherichia coli U16403
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Dragendorff’s reagent Ethanol (Fe
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The plates were observed for the pr
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2.6.4 Anthraquinones Dried plant ma
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3.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 ETHNOBOT
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3.2.1 Scientific name : Acanthosper
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Medicinal uses The Acorus calamus i
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Figure 3.5 The fruits of Albizia ad
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Botanical description Baccharoides
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Data from ethnobotanical survey The
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3.2.7 Scientific name : Hypoxis hem
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3.2.8 Scientific name : Faurea sali
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emerge from the crown and bear a si
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Conservation status The species is
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3.2.12 Scientific name : Lippia jav
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3.2.13 Scientific name : Pentanisia
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Botanical description The marula is
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The lobed discolorous leaves, the m
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Figure 3.21 The leaves of Trichilia
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3.2.17 Scientific name : Warburgia
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3.2.18 Scientific name : Ziziphus m
Page 68 and 69:
According to the interviews that we
Page 70 and 71: CHAPTER 4 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 4.
Page 72 and 73: factor in selecting resistant micro
Page 74 and 75: present in a cow’s udder or equip
Page 76 and 77: haemolysins, leukocidin, and perhap
Page 78 and 79: 4.4.2 Disc diffusion results The di
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15 Comparison of results ob
Page 82 and 83: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA Dis
Page 86 and 87: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA4790
Page 90 and 91: PLANT NAMES Agar well result ECU164
Page 92 and 93: The use of American Type Culture Co
Page 94 and 95: mentioned strain which were Acantho
Page 96 and 97: In this study it was found that Aco
Page 98 and 99: 5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 PHYTOCHE
Page 100 and 101: cleansers. They are used in Ayurved
Page 102 and 103: Plant species Alkaloids Flavonoids
Page 104 and 105: Trichilia dregeana in this study wh
Page 106 and 107: Rf =Distance moved by the compound/
Page 108 and 109: Figure 6.5 The TLC plate (left) and
Page 110 and 111: 6.3 DISCUSSION The bio-autoautograp
Page 112 and 113: the results obtained from the agar
Page 114 and 115: e at least effective as forest guar
Page 116 and 117: Brain, K.R., Turner T.D., 1975. The
Page 118 and 119: Howard, P.L., 2003. Women and Plant
Page 122 and 123: Portillo, A., Vila, R., Freixa, B.,
Page 124 and 125: Van Vuuren, S., 2007. The antimicro
Page 126 and 127: APPENDIX I: Research Questionnaire
Page 128 and 129: ___________________________________
Page 130 and 131: APPENDIX II: Antimicrobial activity
Page 132 and 133: a + 2 Average Calculation of result
Page 134 and 135: Sensitivity of different bacteria a
Page 142 and 143: Table 4.7 Results of sensitivity of
Page 150 and 151: MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
Page 154 and 155: Table 4.12 Minimum inhibitory conce
Page 158: MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
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