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1.1 OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were: • To document the ethno-knowledge on the usage of indigenous plants for wound- and sore-healing through the use of questionnaires. • To identify plants and prepare voucher specimens of the collected plants. • To prepare plant extracts using different solvents. • To screen for antibacterial activities of plant extracts against four different American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains and multi-drug-resistant strains. • To determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the active plant extracts. • To compare the availability and activity of the plants sold on local markets for treating wounds and sores against the availability and activity of plants used in the homesteads. • To analyze the plant extracts with bio-autographic assays. • To investigate the phytochemical properties of these plants. 5
CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 LOCALITIES AND VOUCHER SPECIMENS OF PLANTS COLLECTED An ethnomedical survey was done through the use of questionnaires (see Appendix I). Approximately 80 homesteads were visited. The areas which were surveyed are in the Uthungulu District Municipality, in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, namely: Makholokholo (S28º 45′ 434″, E31º 44′ 351″, Alt 118 m) Mhlaleni (S28º 47′ 966″, E31º 45 ′ 890″, Alt 98 m) Ntshidi (S28º 47′ 790″, E31º 43′ 191″, Alt 106 m) Ekuphumuleni (S28º 47′ 966″ E31º, 45′ 890″, Alt 98 m) Macekane (S28º 48′ 76″, E31º 46′ 990″, Alt 95 m) Obisana (S28º 49′ 516″, E31º 48′ 574″, Alt 119m) Gugushe (S28º 50′ 137″, E31º 45′ 169″, Alt 306 m) Ophongola (S28º 49′ 630″, E31º 47′ 567″, Alt 240 m) Sinjigwane (S28º 45′ 995″, E31º 44′ 340″, Alt 88 m). 2.2 ETHNOBOTANICAL DATA 2.2.1 Plant information collected from the survey. The plants collected from homesteads were identified and stored as voucher specimens at the University of Zululand Herbarium. 6
Page 1 and 2: Antimicrobial activity testing of t
Page 3 and 4: 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Plants used
Page 5 and 6: Appendix I: Research questionnaire
Page 7 and 8: 2.5 Sensitivity table of MDR Gram p
Page 9 and 10: 2n diploid Abbreviations ATCC Ameri
Page 11 and 12: Dedication My sincere thanks and gr
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Plants have
Page 16 and 17: legislation in South Africa, which
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.1 Plants that were collecte
Page 22 and 23: Scientific names Zulu names Parts u
Page 24 and 25: Surname Gender Place Age-range M. D
Page 26 and 27: Antibiotics Escherichia coli U16403
Page 28 and 29: Dragendorff’s reagent Ethanol (Fe
Page 30 and 31: The plates were observed for the pr
Page 32 and 33: 2.6.4 Anthraquinones Dried plant ma
Page 34 and 35: 3.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 ETHNOBOT
Page 36 and 37: 3.2.1 Scientific name : Acanthosper
Page 38 and 39: Medicinal uses The Acorus calamus i
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3.5 The fruits of Albizia ad
Page 42 and 43: Botanical description Baccharoides
Page 44 and 45: Data from ethnobotanical survey The
Page 46 and 47: 3.2.7 Scientific name : Hypoxis hem
Page 48 and 49: 3.2.8 Scientific name : Faurea sali
Page 50 and 51: emerge from the crown and bear a si
Page 52 and 53: Conservation status The species is
Page 54 and 55: 3.2.12 Scientific name : Lippia jav
Page 56 and 57: 3.2.13 Scientific name : Pentanisia
Page 58 and 59: Botanical description The marula is
Page 60 and 61: The lobed discolorous leaves, the m
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3.21 The leaves of Trichilia
Page 64 and 65: 3.2.17 Scientific name : Warburgia
Page 66 and 67: 3.2.18 Scientific name : Ziziphus m
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According to the interviews that we
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CHAPTER 4 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 4.
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factor in selecting resistant micro
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present in a cow’s udder or equip
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haemolysins, leukocidin, and perhap
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4.4.2 Disc diffusion results The di
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Table 4.15 Comparison of results ob
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PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA Dis
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PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA4790
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PLANT NAMES Agar well result ECU164
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The use of American Type Culture Co
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mentioned strain which were Acantho
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In this study it was found that Aco
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5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 PHYTOCHE
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cleansers. They are used in Ayurved
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Plant species Alkaloids Flavonoids
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Trichilia dregeana in this study wh
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Rf =Distance moved by the compound/
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Figure 6.5 The TLC plate (left) and
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6.3 DISCUSSION The bio-autoautograp
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the results obtained from the agar
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e at least effective as forest guar
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Brain, K.R., Turner T.D., 1975. The
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Howard, P.L., 2003. Women and Plant
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McGaw, L.J., Jager, A.K., van Stade
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Portillo, A., Vila, R., Freixa, B.,
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Van Vuuren, S., 2007. The antimicro
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APPENDIX I: Research Questionnaire
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___________________________________
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APPENDIX II: Antimicrobial activity
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a + 2 Average Calculation of result
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Sensitivity of different bacteria a
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Table 4.7 Results of sensitivity of
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MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
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Table 4.12 Minimum inhibitory conce
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