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mentioned strain which were Acanthospermum australe (stem and leaves), Albizia adianthifolia (leaves), Baccharoides adoensis (stem), Combretum erythrophyllum, Faurea saligna, Gunnera perpensa, Pentanisia prunelloides, Sclerocarya birrea (bark), Solanum aculeastrum (stem), Trichilia dregeana (stem and leaves), Ziziphus mucronata (stem and leaves) (Table 4.19). Staphylococcus aureus T1266 was inhibited by three acetone plants extracts which are Acorus calamus, Warbugia salutaris (leaves and stem) and eight methanol plants extracts inhibited this strain which were Albizia adianthifolia (stem), Baccharoides adoensis (leaves and stem), Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Gerbera ambigua, Hypericum aethiopicum (leaves), Warbugia salutaris (leaves and stem) (Table 4.20). Escherichia coli U 16406 was inhibited by nine acetone plant extracts which were Clerodendium hirsutum, Combretum erythrophyllum, Faurea saligna, Gerbera ambigua, Gunnera perpensa, Pentanisia prunelloides, Sclerocarya birrea (bark), Solanum aculeastrum (root), Ziziphus mucronata (leaves) and Sclerocarya birrea was the only methanol extract which inhibited this strain (Table 4.22). The following three plant species have not previously been tested for their antibacterial activity: Clerodendrum hirsutum, Faurea saligna, Gerbera ambigua. Acanthospermum austral and Solanum aculeastrum were previously only tested against Candica albicans. Table 4.24 show some antibacterial results obtain from the literature for the same plant species used in this study, but were extracted with different solvents and tested against different micro-organisms. Table 4.24 Known antibacterial activities of the plant species tested in this study. Plant Microorganism Solvent Activity Reference Acanthospermum australe Candida albicans Dichloromethane + Portillo et al. 81 2001 Acorus calamus Staphylococcus Methanol - Phongpaichit aureus et al., 2005 Escherichia coli Methanol + Phongpaichit et al., 2005 Albizia Staphylococcus Methanol - McGaw et adianthifolia aureus al. 2000 Klebsiella Methanol - McGaw et pneumoniae al. 2000 Bacillus subtilis Methanol - McGaw al. 2000 et
Plant Microorganism Solvent Activity Reference Baccharoides Staphylococcus Methanol + Elkatib et al. adoensis aureus 2006 Escherichia coli Methanol + Elkatib et al. 2006 Combretum Staphylococcus Acetone + Martini, 2004 erythrophyllum aureus Escherichia coli Acetone + Martini, 2004 Gunnera Staphylococcus Acetone + McGaw et perpensa aureus al., 2005 Hypericum Staphylococcus Methanol + Schempp et aethiopicum aureus al. 2003 Hypoxis Staphylococcus Methanol + Muwanga, hemerocallidea aureus 2006 Lippia javanica Staphylococcus Acetone + Minenzeh, aureus 2004 Escherichia coli Acetone - Minenzeh, 2004 Pentanisia Staphylococcus Ethanol + Yff et al. prunelloides aureus 2002 Escherichia coli Ethanol + Yff 2002 et al. Klebsiella Ethanol + Yff et al. pneumoniae 2002 Bacillus subtilis Ethanol + Yff 2002 et al. Sclerocarya Staphylococcus Acetone + Eloff, 2001 birrea aureus Escherichia coli Acetone + Eloff, 2001 Solanum Candida Methanol + Steenkamp aculeastrum albicans et al. 2006 Trichilia Bacillus subtilis Ethyl acetate + Eldeen et al. dregeana 2005 Staphylococcus Ethyl acetate + Eldeen et al. aureus 2005 Escherichia coli Ethyl acetate + Eldeen et al. 2005 Klebsiella Ethyl acetate + Eldeen et al. pneumoniae 2005 Warbugia Escherichia coli Methanol + Rabe et al. salutaris 1997 Bacillus subtilis Methanol - Rabe et al. 1997 Klebsiella Methanol - Rabe et al. pneumoniae 1997 Ziziphus Staphylococcus Ethanol + Adamu et al. mucronata aureus 2004 82
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Antimicrobial activity testing of t
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3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Plants used
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Appendix I: Research questionnaire
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2.5 Sensitivity table of MDR Gram p
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2n diploid Abbreviations ATCC Ameri
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Dedication My sincere thanks and gr
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Plants have
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legislation in South Africa, which
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1.1 OBJECTIVES The objectives of th
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Table 2.1 Plants that were collecte
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Scientific names Zulu names Parts u
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Surname Gender Place Age-range M. D
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Antibiotics Escherichia coli U16403
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Dragendorff’s reagent Ethanol (Fe
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The plates were observed for the pr
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2.6.4 Anthraquinones Dried plant ma
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3.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 ETHNOBOT
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3.2.1 Scientific name : Acanthosper
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Medicinal uses The Acorus calamus i
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Figure 3.5 The fruits of Albizia ad
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Botanical description Baccharoides
Page 44 and 45: Data from ethnobotanical survey The
Page 46 and 47: 3.2.7 Scientific name : Hypoxis hem
Page 48 and 49: 3.2.8 Scientific name : Faurea sali
Page 50 and 51: emerge from the crown and bear a si
Page 52 and 53: Conservation status The species is
Page 54 and 55: 3.2.12 Scientific name : Lippia jav
Page 56 and 57: 3.2.13 Scientific name : Pentanisia
Page 58 and 59: Botanical description The marula is
Page 60 and 61: The lobed discolorous leaves, the m
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3.21 The leaves of Trichilia
Page 64 and 65: 3.2.17 Scientific name : Warburgia
Page 66 and 67: 3.2.18 Scientific name : Ziziphus m
Page 68 and 69: According to the interviews that we
Page 70 and 71: CHAPTER 4 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 4.
Page 72 and 73: factor in selecting resistant micro
Page 74 and 75: present in a cow’s udder or equip
Page 76 and 77: haemolysins, leukocidin, and perhap
Page 78 and 79: 4.4.2 Disc diffusion results The di
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15 Comparison of results ob
Page 82 and 83: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA Dis
Page 86 and 87: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA4790
Page 90 and 91: PLANT NAMES Agar well result ECU164
Page 92 and 93: The use of American Type Culture Co
Page 96 and 97: In this study it was found that Aco
Page 98 and 99: 5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 PHYTOCHE
Page 100 and 101: cleansers. They are used in Ayurved
Page 102 and 103: Plant species Alkaloids Flavonoids
Page 104 and 105: Trichilia dregeana in this study wh
Page 106 and 107: Rf =Distance moved by the compound/
Page 108 and 109: Figure 6.5 The TLC plate (left) and
Page 110 and 111: 6.3 DISCUSSION The bio-autoautograp
Page 112 and 113: the results obtained from the agar
Page 114 and 115: e at least effective as forest guar
Page 116 and 117: Brain, K.R., Turner T.D., 1975. The
Page 118 and 119: Howard, P.L., 2003. Women and Plant
Page 120 and 121: McGaw, L.J., Jager, A.K., van Stade
Page 122 and 123: Portillo, A., Vila, R., Freixa, B.,
Page 124 and 125: Van Vuuren, S., 2007. The antimicro
Page 126 and 127: APPENDIX I: Research Questionnaire
Page 128 and 129: ___________________________________
Page 130 and 131: APPENDIX II: Antimicrobial activity
Page 132 and 133: a + 2 Average Calculation of result
Page 134 and 135: Sensitivity of different bacteria a
Page 142 and 143: Table 4.7 Results of sensitivity of
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Sensitivity of different bacteria a
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MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
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Table 4.12 Minimum inhibitory conce
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