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Surname Gender Place Age-range M. Dlamini M Makholokholo Over 65 F. Ngubane M Ekuphumuleni 15-24 E. Mhlongo F Ekuphumuleni 25-34 Z. Mhlongo M Ekuphumuleni 25-34 W. Mhlongo F Ekuphumuleni 35-44 T. Gcabashe M Ekuphumuleni 35-44 D. Mhlongo M Ekuphumuleni 45-54 Q. Mhlongo F Ekuphumuleni 55-64 X. Mkhize F Mhlaleni 15-24 S. Msimang F Mhlaleni 35-44 D. Msimang M Mhlaleni 35-44 S. Msimang M Mhlaleni 35-44 V. Mhlongo F Mhlaleni 45-54 F. Mhlongo F Mhlaleni 55-64 R. Mhlongo M Mhlaleni 55-64 S. Mhlongo F Mhlaleni Over 65 Z. Mhlongo F Macekane 25-34 S. Myeza M Macekane 25-34 T. Gumede M Macekane 45-54 S. Dlamini F Macekane 45-54 T. Khoza F Macekane 55-64 S. Dladla F Macekane 55-64 S. Ncube F Macekane 55-64 T. Nkwanyana M Phongolo 15-24 P. Mlambo F Phongolo 15-24 S. Nkwanyana F Phongolo 15-24 J. Shobede F Phongolo 25-34 S. Mgenge F Phongolo 35-44 K. Khumalo M Phongolo 45-54 M. Nkwanyana F Phongolo 45-54 11
Surname Gender Place Age-range Z. Nkwanyana F Gugushe 25-34 B. Nsele F Gugushe 35-44 N. Nkwanyana F Gugushe 35-44 T. Mhlongo F Gugushe 35-44 M. Ngema F Gugushe 45-54 E. Dindi F Gugushe 45-54 H. Dindi M Gugushe 45-54 G. Mhlongo F Gugushe 55-64 T. Gumede F Gugushe 55-64 S. Dindi M Gugushe 55-64 2.3 BACTERIA USED IN THE STUDY American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) cultures and strain numbers. Bacillus subtilis (6051); Escherichia coli (7751); Klebsiella pneumonia (13883) Staphylococcus aureus (12600) Gram-negative, multi-drug-resistant (MDR) cultures from Lancet Laboratories (Durban) with their strain numbers. Escherichia coli (U1505s); Escherichia coli (U16403); Escherichia coli (U16406) Table 2.4 Sensitivity table <strong>of</strong> MDR Gram-negative bacteria against different antibiotics. Antibiotics Escherichia coli U16403 U15055 U16406 Amikacin S S S Ampicillin R R S Augmentin S R S Cefpodoxime S R S Cefuroxime S R S Cephalothin S R S 12
Page 1 and 2: Antimicrobial activity testing of t
Page 3 and 4: 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Plants used
Page 5 and 6: Appendix I: Research questionnaire
Page 7 and 8: 2.5 Sensitivity table of MDR Gram p
Page 9 and 10: 2n diploid Abbreviations ATCC Ameri
Page 11 and 12: Dedication My sincere thanks and gr
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Plants have
Page 16 and 17: legislation in South Africa, which
Page 18 and 19: 1.1 OBJECTIVES The objectives of th
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.1 Plants that were collecte
Page 22 and 23: Scientific names Zulu names Parts u
Page 26 and 27: Antibiotics Escherichia coli U16403
Page 28 and 29: Dragendorff’s reagent Ethanol (Fe
Page 30 and 31: The plates were observed for the pr
Page 32 and 33: 2.6.4 Anthraquinones Dried plant ma
Page 34 and 35: 3.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 ETHNOBOT
Page 36 and 37: 3.2.1 Scientific name : Acanthosper
Page 38 and 39: Medicinal uses The Acorus calamus i
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3.5 The fruits of Albizia ad
Page 42 and 43: Botanical description Baccharoides
Page 44 and 45: Data from ethnobotanical survey The
Page 46 and 47: 3.2.7 Scientific name : Hypoxis hem
Page 48 and 49: 3.2.8 Scientific name : Faurea sali
Page 50 and 51: emerge from the crown and bear a si
Page 52 and 53: Conservation status The species is
Page 54 and 55: 3.2.12 Scientific name : Lippia jav
Page 56 and 57: 3.2.13 Scientific name : Pentanisia
Page 58 and 59: Botanical description The marula is
Page 60 and 61: The lobed discolorous leaves, the m
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3.21 The leaves of Trichilia
Page 64 and 65: 3.2.17 Scientific name : Warburgia
Page 66 and 67: 3.2.18 Scientific name : Ziziphus m
Page 68 and 69: According to the interviews that we
Page 70 and 71: CHAPTER 4 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 4.
Page 72 and 73: factor in selecting resistant micro
Page 74 and 75:
present in a cow’s udder or equip
Page 76 and 77:
haemolysins, leukocidin, and perhap
Page 78 and 79:
4.4.2 Disc diffusion results The di
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Table 4.15 Comparison of results ob
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PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA Dis
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA4790
Page 88 and 89:
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PLANT NAMES Agar well result ECU164
Page 92 and 93:
The use of American Type Culture Co
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mentioned strain which were Acantho
Page 96 and 97:
In this study it was found that Aco
Page 98 and 99:
5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 PHYTOCHE
Page 100 and 101:
cleansers. They are used in Ayurved
Page 102 and 103:
Plant species Alkaloids Flavonoids
Page 104 and 105:
Trichilia dregeana in this study wh
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Rf =Distance moved by the compound/
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Figure 6.5 The TLC plate (left) and
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6.3 DISCUSSION The bio-autoautograp
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the results obtained from the agar
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e at least effective as forest guar
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Brain, K.R., Turner T.D., 1975. The
Page 118 and 119:
Howard, P.L., 2003. Women and Plant
Page 120 and 121:
McGaw, L.J., Jager, A.K., van Stade
Page 122 and 123:
Portillo, A., Vila, R., Freixa, B.,
Page 124 and 125:
Van Vuuren, S., 2007. The antimicro
Page 126 and 127:
APPENDIX I: Research Questionnaire
Page 128 and 129:
___________________________________
Page 130 and 131:
APPENDIX II: Antimicrobial activity
Page 132 and 133:
a + 2 Average Calculation of result
Page 134 and 135:
Sensitivity of different bacteria a
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Table 4.7 Results of sensitivity of
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Table 4.12 Minimum inhibitory conce
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158:
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