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3.2.7 Scientific name : Hypoxis hemerocallidea L. Zulu name : Inkomfe Common name : African potato Figure 3.9 Hypoxis hemerocallidea in its flowering stage. (www.plantzafrica.com/planthij/hypoxis.htm) Botanical description Being a geophytic herb, Hypoxis hemerocallidea overcome winter conditions in the form of an underground rootstock called a corm. These corms are hard, fleshy, mucilaginous and white or yellow-orange within. Sliced corms turn black with oxidation when exposed to the atmosphere. In spring, a new set of leaves grows from the apex of the corm. In most species, the leaves are arranged one above the other in three rows that radiate outwards. In some species, leaf bases are enclosed in a sheath, forming a false stem. The leaves range from linear to broadly lance- shaped, are hairy in most species and die back over the winter months. Flowering stems appear with the leaves after the first rains in spring. They are unbranched, with 2-12 flowers per stalk. The flowers are symmetrical with 6 tepals, rarely 4 or 8 in number, are bright- yellow, giving the genus its common name "yellow stars". The fruit is a capsule that splits across its diameter to expose the small black seeds (Snijman & Singh, 2003). Figure 3.10 Cross-section through the corm of the Hypoxis hemerocallidea. (www.plantzafrica.com/planthij/hypoxis.htm) 33
Distribution Hypoxis hemerocallidea are widely distributed in the grassland areas of the eastern parts of South Africa (Van Wyk et al., 1997). Conservation status This species is under threat because of its commercial and cultural value (Snijman & Singh, 2003). Medicinal uses The rootstock of Hypoxis hemerocallidea is used in various ways in South Africa. It has been used by Zulu traditional healers for centuries in the treatment of urinary infections, heart weakness, internal tumours and nervous disorders. Corms are used as an emetic against fearful dreams. The Sotho people use Hypoxis hemerocallidea as a charm against lightning and storms. Corms are used to alleviate many immune related ailments such as the common cold, flu, arthritis, cancer. Preparations of hypoxoside are being used in primary healthcare in South Africa to boost immunity in HIV/AIDS patients (Snijman, 2000). Data from ethnobotanical survey The corm is diced, boiled and drunk. The dose depends on a person with sores (Ngema 2007, pers. comm.). Chemical content An alkaloid and an organic acid have been isolated from the tubers (Hutchings et.al. 1996). The value of this plant is in its content of a sterol called hypoxoside, which once in the human gut, readily converts to rooperol, a biologically active compound that balances the immune system (Snijman et al. 2003). 34
Page 1 and 2: Antimicrobial activity testing of t
Page 3 and 4: 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Plants used
Page 5 and 6: Appendix I: Research questionnaire
Page 7 and 8: 2.5 Sensitivity table of MDR Gram p
Page 9 and 10: 2n diploid Abbreviations ATCC Ameri
Page 11 and 12: Dedication My sincere thanks and gr
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Plants have
Page 16 and 17: legislation in South Africa, which
Page 18 and 19: 1.1 OBJECTIVES The objectives of th
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.1 Plants that were collecte
Page 22 and 23: Scientific names Zulu names Parts u
Page 24 and 25: Surname Gender Place Age-range M. D
Page 26 and 27: Antibiotics Escherichia coli U16403
Page 28 and 29: Dragendorff’s reagent Ethanol (Fe
Page 30 and 31: The plates were observed for the pr
Page 32 and 33: 2.6.4 Anthraquinones Dried plant ma
Page 34 and 35: 3.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 ETHNOBOT
Page 36 and 37: 3.2.1 Scientific name : Acanthosper
Page 38 and 39: Medicinal uses The Acorus calamus i
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3.5 The fruits of Albizia ad
Page 42 and 43: Botanical description Baccharoides
Page 44 and 45: Data from ethnobotanical survey The
Page 48 and 49: 3.2.8 Scientific name : Faurea sali
Page 50 and 51: emerge from the crown and bear a si
Page 52 and 53: Conservation status The species is
Page 54 and 55: 3.2.12 Scientific name : Lippia jav
Page 56 and 57: 3.2.13 Scientific name : Pentanisia
Page 58 and 59: Botanical description The marula is
Page 60 and 61: The lobed discolorous leaves, the m
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3.21 The leaves of Trichilia
Page 64 and 65: 3.2.17 Scientific name : Warburgia
Page 66 and 67: 3.2.18 Scientific name : Ziziphus m
Page 68 and 69: According to the interviews that we
Page 70 and 71: CHAPTER 4 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 4.
Page 72 and 73: factor in selecting resistant micro
Page 74 and 75: present in a cow’s udder or equip
Page 76 and 77: haemolysins, leukocidin, and perhap
Page 78 and 79: 4.4.2 Disc diffusion results The di
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15 Comparison of results ob
Page 82 and 83: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA Dis
Page 86 and 87: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA4790
Page 90 and 91: PLANT NAMES Agar well result ECU164
Page 92 and 93: The use of American Type Culture Co
Page 94 and 95: mentioned strain which were Acantho
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In this study it was found that Aco
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5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 PHYTOCHE
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cleansers. They are used in Ayurved
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Plant species Alkaloids Flavonoids
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Trichilia dregeana in this study wh
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Rf =Distance moved by the compound/
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Figure 6.5 The TLC plate (left) and
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6.3 DISCUSSION The bio-autoautograp
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the results obtained from the agar
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e at least effective as forest guar
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Brain, K.R., Turner T.D., 1975. The
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Howard, P.L., 2003. Women and Plant
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McGaw, L.J., Jager, A.K., van Stade
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Portillo, A., Vila, R., Freixa, B.,
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Van Vuuren, S., 2007. The antimicro
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APPENDIX I: Research Questionnaire
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APPENDIX II: Antimicrobial activity
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a + 2 Average Calculation of result
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Sensitivity of different bacteria a
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Table 4.7 Results of sensitivity of
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MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
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Table 4.12 Minimum inhibitory conce
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